Los Comentarios reales del Inca Garcilaso (1539-1616) abarcan tres tradiciones historiográficas: primero, la tradición de crónicas españolas; segundo, la historiografía latinoamericana que comenzó después del “Descubrimiento” del Nuevo Mundo; y tercero, la historiografía humanista de la Europa renacentista. Se podría considerar que las dos primeras publicaciones garcilasistas, el Diálogos de amor y La Florida, establecieron al cronista como un traductor-autor dentro de la corriente intelectual del renacimiento europeo. Por ende, los Comentarios reales de los Incas ilustran el logro idóneo del Inca Garcilaso en el género historiográfico renacentista. Por ejemplo, la voz y la narrativa del género crónica predominan más notablemente en los Comentarios reales que en La Florida, ya que la primera obra no tiene una figura principal, tal como aparece en La Florida. Sin duda ...

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This paper describes a novel multi-task allocation method for the autonomous navigation to improve the efficiency for executing mission considering an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) developed by the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP). The new method is developed based upon the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm, with the consideration of the priorities of the sample stations that USV need to visit, as well as the lattice distances from the sample stations to the start point. Using this new method, an optimized order of visiting sequence can be calculated according to the battery energy limit of the USV. The new multi-task allocation method has been verified in simulation environments with results proving the effectiveness and capabilities of the system.

MINERvA is supported by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory under US Department of Energy contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 which included the MINERvA construction project. MINERvA construction support was also granted by the United States National Science Foundation under Award PHY-0619727 and by the University of Rochester. Support for participating MINERvA physicists was provided by NSF and DOE (USA), by CAPES and CNPq (Brazil), by CoNaCyT (Mexico), by CONICYT (Chile), by CONCYTEC, DGI-PUCP and IDI/IGIUNI (Peru), and by Latin American Center for Physics (CLAF). This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ASTRO Program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.

Medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances are often observed at the magnetically conjugate points in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere. It has been suggested that gravity waves disturb the ionosphere and induce electric fields in one hemisphere and that the electric fields are amplified by the Perkins instability and transmitted along the geomagnetic field lines to the conjugate ionosphere, creating similar disturbances there. However, direct observations of electric fields associated with traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are very few. In this study, we present low‐latitude TID‐like disturbances observed by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite. It is found that ion velocity perturbations are generated in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field within TIDs. Both the parallel and perpendicular ion veloc...

This article aims to analyze the political conduct of the Peruvian Chinese during the Pacific War. We will delve into the process of incorporating a Chinese unit into the Chilean army as an auxiliary force and its oath on the eve of the battles for the Peruvian capital in January 1881. The sources consist of eyewitness accounts of the ceremony, all of whom were Westerners: Chilean officers, journalists, and some European military observers. Early accounts of the Pacific War from Chilean and Peruvian authors, specifically Vicuña Mackenna and Paz Soldán, respectively, will also be utilized. Finally, we will analyze 19th-century Chinese newspapers containing letters from the coolies discussing their situation in Peru and the war with Chile. The research findings are as follows: The rite was 100% Chinese. It was not related to Chilean or Peruvian patriotic identity but rather to the immine...

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el posicionamiento de los chinos del Perú ante la guerra del Pacífico. Como vía de ingreso al tema, veremos el proceso de incorporación de una unidad china como auxiliar del ejército de Chile y su juramento en la víspera de las batallas por la capital peruana en enero de 1881. Las fuentes son los testigos presenciales de la ceremonia, todos los cuales fueron occidentales: oficiales y periodistas chilenos, así como algunos observadores militares europeos. También usaremos los relatos tempranos de la guerra del Pacífico: Vicuña Mackenna y Paz Soldán, autores chileno y peruano respectivamente. Por último, analizaremos periódicos chinos del siglo XIX que contienen cartas de los culíes sobre su situación en el Perú y la guerra con Chile. Los hallazgos son: (1) que el rito es 100% chino; no guarda relación con identidad patriótica chi...

The following paper describes the design, implementation and preliminary tests of an Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV) robot, able to collect water quality parameters and bathymeter measurements in lakes and bodies of fresh water at the Peruvian highlands. The USV robot is developed in order to be a measurement tool to monitor water pollution and help to improve the current methods used for this task. The USV integrates a video system which is used to maneuver the robot, a multiparameter probe for measuring water quality parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity and colored dissolved organic matter), a bathymeter to obtain depth measurements, and a wireless outdoor base station to create a wireless local area network through which the data is received and transmitted. The preliminary results of the performance of the USV are obtained from a lake located in the Pe...

El objetivo del presente estudio es la valorización del Banco BBVA Perú, en comparativa con el Banco de Chile; dicho cálculo llevará a obtener el valor fundamental de la acción al 31 de diciembre del 2021. Actualmente, el BBVA Perú, es el segundo mayor banco del sistema financiero peruano con un 20% de participación (total sistema peruano: US$ 129 miles de millones), de forma homóloga, el Banco de Chile es el cuarto del sistema financiero chileno con un 14% (total sistema chileno: US$ 425 miles de millones). Para la presente valorización se utilizaron como fuentes de información los estados financieros al cierre del 2021, las memorias anuales, reportes de clasificadoras de riesgo, información de los organismos supervisores como SBS (Perú) y CMF (Chile), así como información macroeconómica tomada del Banco Central de cada país. Con respecto al cálculo, se utilizó el mét...

El objetivo del presente estudio es la valorización del Banco BBVA Perú, en comparativa con el Banco de Chile; dicho cálculo llevará a obtener el valor fundamental de la acción al 31 de diciembre del 2021. Actualmente, el BBVA Perú, es el segundo mayor banco del sistema financiero peruano con un 20% de participación (total sistema peruano: US$ 129 miles de millones), de forma homóloga, el Banco de Chile es el cuarto del sistema financiero chileno con un 14% (total sistema chileno: US$ 425 miles de millones). Para la presente valorización se utilizaron como fuentes de información los estados financieros al cierre del 2021, las memorias anuales, reportes de clasificadoras de riesgo, información de los organismos supervisores como SBS (Perú) y CMF (Chile), así como información macroeconómica tomada del Banco Central de cada país. Con respecto al cálculo, se utilizó el mét...

The purpose of this paper is to optimiza the operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. In this kind of processes, besides to maximiza organic matter removal, it is attractive to capture the biogas and to use it to provide energy services. For this purpose, the biogas has to be produced in large quantities. Thus, we have two clear objectives to be achieved: to maximiza both the organic matter removal and the biogas production. Three multiobjective optimization techniques are used to solve this problem. The first optimization approach is multiplex, which is based on the simplex method for single objective optimization. Other used approach is an interior point method, which is proved to be an efficient linear programming technique. Finally, it is applied an evolutionary algorithm, namely the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA 11), which is considerad...

The purpose of this paper is to optimiza the operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. In this kind of processes, besides to maximiza organic matter removal, it is attractive to capture the biogas and to use it to provide energy services. For this purpose, the biogas has to be produced in large quantities. Thus, we have two clear objectives to be achieved: to maximiza both the organic matter removal and the biogas production. Three multiobjective optimization techniques are used to solve this problem. The first optimization approach is multiplex, which is based on the simplex method for single objective optimization. Other used approach is an interior point method, which is proved to be an efficient linear programming technique. Finally, it is applied an evolutionary algorithm, namely the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA 11), which is considerad...

The fruit of Antidesma bunius has both medicinal and edible properties. In previous studies, the fruit extract of A. bunius showed anti-proliferation activity on breast cancer cells, but its functional components and anti-tumor mechanism are still unclear. In this research, the main active components of A. bunius fruits (detected by UHPLC-MS/MS) and the corresponding targets were analyzed by network pharmacology method, and its interactions were verified by molecular docking to explore the possible tumor suppressor mechanisms. A total of 24 active chemical components were screened from fruits extract of A. bunius，and 44 targets genes were intersected with breast cancer, among them, AKT1, ESR1, EGFR, EP300, ERBB2 and AR were the top core targets．The GO enrichment of target genes mainly involved processes of cellular lipid metabolism, response to hormones, tube development, and KEGG pa...

ABSTRACT Fumaric acid is an additive allowed by the Codex Alimentarius and under evaluation by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV) that can be used for wine acidification but also to inhibit malolactic fermentation (MLF). The use of 300–900 mg/L of fumaric acid can inhibit MLF in red wines decreasing pH by 0.2 units or more depending on the buffer capacity. When MLF was running with populations of either 7 or 8 log CFU/mL strain alpha (Oenococcus oeni) the application of 600 mg/L of fumaric acid stopped the process for more than 50 days and cells were undetected in specific media. In triangular tastings, fumaric acid was not detected at 300–600 mg/L (p < .05). In subsequent preference tests, some tasters perceived more acidity and body. Fumaric acid is a useful technological additive to improve wine microbiological stability and freshness, also allowing reduction of...

Objective: This study investigated an outbreak of Bartonellosis in a coastal region in Peru.Results: A total of 70 (n = 70) samples with clinical criteria for the acute phase of Bartonellosis and a positive peripheral blood smear were included. 22.85% (n = 16) cases of the samples were positive for Bartonella bacilliformis by PCR and automatic sequencing. Of those positive samples, 62.5% (n = 10) cases were positive only for B. bacilliformis and 37.5% (n = 6) cases were positive to both Mycobacterium spp. and B. bacilliformis. The symptom frequencies were similar in patients diagnosed with Carrion's disease and those co-infected with Mycobacterium spp. The most common symptoms were headaches, followed by malaise and arthralgia.

Objective This study investigated an outbreak of Bartonellosis in a coastal region in Peru. Results A total of 70 (n = 70) samples with clinical criteria for the acute phase of Bartonellosis and a positive peripheral blood smear were included. 22.85% (n = 16) cases of the samples were positive for Bartonella bacilliformis by PCR and automatic sequencing. Of those positive samples, 62.5% (n = 10) cases were positive only for B. bacilliformis and 37.5% (n = 6) cases were positive to both Mycobacterium spp. and B. bacilliformis. The symptom frequencies were similar in patients diagnosed with Carrion’s disease and those co-infected with Mycobacterium spp. The most common symptoms were headaches, followed by malaise and arthralgia.

ObjectiveTo study the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis in ticks collected from two wild mammals in Madre de Dios, Peru.ResultsA total of 110 ticks were collected. Among the 43 Amblyomma spp. extracted from the 3 Tapirus terrestris only 3 were positive for B. bacilliformis. In addition, 12 out of the 67 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus obtained from the 3 Pecari tajacu were positive for B. bacilliformis. For the first time B. bacilliformis have been detected in arthropods other than Lutzomyia spp. Further studies are required to elucidate the possible role of ticks in the spread of South American Bartonellosis.

Objective: To study the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis in ticks collected from two wild mammals in Madre de Dios, Peru. Results: A total of 110 ticks were collected. Among the 43 Amblyomma spp. extracted from the 3 Tapirus terrestris only 3 were positive for B. bacilliformis. In addition, 12 out of the 67 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus obtained from the 3 Pecari tajacu were positive for B. bacilliformis. For the first time B. bacilliformis have been detected in arthropods other than Lutzomyia spp. Further studies are required to elucidate the possible role of ticks in the spread of South American Bartonellosis.

Latina women in the U.S. have relatively low breast cancer incidence compared to Non-Latina White (NLW) or African American women but are more likely to be diagnosed with the more aggressive "triple negative" breast cancer (TNBC). Latinos in the U.S. are a heterogeneous group originating from different countries with different cultural and ancestral backgrounds. Little is known about the distribution of tumor subtypes in Latin American regions. Clinical records of 303 female Peruvian patients, from the Peruvian National Cancer Institute, were analyzed. Participants were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2010 and 2015 and were identified as residing in either the Selva or Sierra region. We used Fisher's exact test for proportions and multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards Models to compare overall survival between regions. Women from the Selva region were more likely to be dia...

Prostate, breast, colorectal, cervical, and lung cancers are the leading cause of cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) accounting for nearly 50% of cancer cases and cancer deaths in the region. Following the IARC Code Against Cancer methodology, a group of Latin American experts evaluated the evidence on several medical interventions to reduce cancer incidence and mortality considering the cancer burden in the region. A recommendation to limit the use of HRT was issued based on the risk associated to develop breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer and on growing concerns related to the over-the-counter and without prescription sales, which in turn bias estimations on current use in LAC. In alignment with WHO breast and cervical cancer initiatives, biennial screening by clinical breast examination (performed by trained health professionals) from the age of 40 years and biennial...