Peruvian Amazonian Forests (PAF), vital for biodiversity, climate, and human well-being, lost 2.92M ha during 2001-2022, mainly due to anthropogenic activities. This prompted strategies to conserve and protect the PAF, such as land use and natural resource restrictions, with natural protected areas (NPAs) being the main strategy. This study evaluated the effectiveness of 41 NPAs in containing deforestation in the PAF by analyzing national spatial data. An Effectiveness Index (EI) was constructed by adding five standardized parameters: (1) the percentage of deforested area (DA%) and (2) its annual rate of change (DAr) between 2000 and 2022 inside each NPA, (3) the difference in DAr between NPAs and their surrounding areas, (4) their corresponding ecoregions, and (5) the entire PAF. In 2000, the DA% was 7.15% of the PAF, increasing to 10.88% in 2022. NPAs showed lower DAr than their surrou...

Meteorological observations play a major role in land management; thus, it is vital to properly plan the monitoring network of weather stations (WS). This study, therefore, selected ‘highly suitable’ sites with the objective of replanning the WS network in Amazonas, NW Peru. A set of 11 selection criteria for WS sites were identified and mapped in a Geographic Information System, as well as their importance weights were determined using Analytic Hierarchy Process and experts. A map of the suitability of the territory for WS sites was constructed by weighted superimposition of the criteria maps. On this map, the suitability status of the 20 existing WS sites was then assessed and, if necessary, relocated. New ‘highly suitable’ sites were determined by the Near Analysis method using existing WS (some relocated). The territory suitability map for WS showed that 0.3% (108.55 km2) of ...

Currently, the economic profitability of cocoa is being affected by the increasing incidence of pests, low selling prices, high production costs, and the presence of cadmium in cocoa farms, posing a potential risk of crop abandonment. Therefore, the objective of the present research was to evaluate the economic profitability of carbon sequestration of fine-aroma cacao agroforestry systems in Amazonas, Peru, using the economic indicators of NPV, EIRR, and the benefit–cost ratio. For this purpose, 53 small cocoa producers of the APROCAM cooperative were involved, from which data were obtained on the general characteristics of the production system, production and maintenance costs, indirect costs, and administrative costs; in addition, the costs of implementation and maintenance of an environmental services project were calculated to finally make a cash flow projected over 5 years. As pa...

El cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) se cultiva en múltiples condiciones edáficas, fisiográficas y climáticas; y su zonificación adquiere importancia para la región Amazonas. Sin embargo, actualmente existe gran preocupación en la cadena comercial debido a la presencia de cadmio (Cd) en los productos derivados de cacao y en los suelos donde se cultiva. Por tanto, se revisaron 13 estudios que determinaron la presencia de Cd en suelo en Amazonas. De los cuales, se utilizaron valores de 104 registros georreferenciados de Cd y, mediante interpolación espacial, se generó un mapa de riesgo en Amazonas. Las concentraciones de Cd mostraron amplias variaciones, desde 0,05 a 3,54 mg/kg con una media de 1,56 mg/kg. Se determinó que el 39% del territorio de Amazonas se encuentra por sobre el límite tolerable para suelo agrícola (≥ 1,4 mg/kg), según la normatividad peruana (Estándares de Cal...

Cadmium is a metal that affects natural resources, plants and human beings. Therefore, different methods have been sought to mitigate the problem, one of them is phytoremediation that makes use of species that have the potential to accumulate the heavy metal in their plant tissues. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cadmium toxicity on the morphology of cadmium cadmium plants (Bindes pilosa L.). The plants were planted in two types of substrate with pH 6.27 and 5.53, adding different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (0, 5 and 10 ppm) inside a greenhouse; where there were 6 treatments with 5 replicates, thus having 30 experimental units. Morphological parameters and Cd concentrations in the root and foliar parts were evaluated. From the results obtained, the cadillo planted in the substrate with pH 5.53 without CdCl2 had greater height with 27.18 cm, wi...

Human interactions with wildlife range from conflict (negative) to coexistence (positive or neutral). The scientific interest in this topic is increasing rapidly, although the terminology used varies among authors. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of literature on human–wildlife interaction, conflict, and coexistence (HWCICx) from 1987 to October 2023 using Scopus data analyzed with VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package in R. An exponential rise in publications was identified between 1995 and 2022, confirming HWCICx as an emerging yet robust research field. The United States and the United Kingdom lead in publication volume and international collaboration, whereas researchers from Asia and Latin America show growing involvement. Journals specializing in ecology, conservation, and wildlife, such as Biological Conservation, Oryx, and Human–Wildlife Interactions, dominate th...

Over a comprehensive 5-year assessment, and extrapolating it prospectively until 2025, a thorough examination was conducted of productive agrobiodiversity in nine rural agricultural districts across Peru. The present study involved in-depth interviews with 180 representative farmers of the Coast, Highlands, and Jungle natural regions. Employing the Shannon–Weiner diversity index and the Margalef species richness index, the dynamics within years and across different zones were analyzed. Utilizing quadratic trend models, we assessed the frequency of each crop, aiming for the optimal fit concerning absolute deviation from the mean, mean squared deviation, and mean absolute percentage error. These findings revealed five distinct crop types—tuberous, fruits, cereals, legumes, and roots—distributed across 25 diverse families. Looking ahead to 2025, our projections indicated positive tren...

Over a comprehensive 5-year assessment, and extrapolating it prospectively until 2025, a thorough examination was conducted of productive agrobiodiversity in nine rural agricultural districts across Peru. The present study involved in-depth interviews with 180 representative farmers of the Coast, Highlands, and Jungle natural regions. Employing the Shannon–Weiner diversity index and the Margalef species richness index, the dynamics within years and across different zones were analyzed. Utilizing quadratic trend models, we assessed the frequency of each crop, aiming for the optimal fit concerning absolute deviation from the mean, mean squared deviation, and mean absolute percentage error. These findings revealed five distinct crop types—tuberous, fruits, cereals, legumes, and roots—distributed across 25 diverse families. Looking ahead to 2025, our projections indicated positive tren...

The Andean-Amazonian landscape has been universally recognized for its wide biodiversity, and is considered as global repository of ecosystem services. However, the severe loss of forest cover and rapid reduction of the timber species seriously threaten this ecosystem and biodiversity. In this study, we have modeled the distribution of the ten most exploited timber forest species in Amazonas (Peru) to identify priority areas for forest conservation and restoration. Statistical and cartographic protocols were applied with 4454 species records and 26 environmental variables using a Maximum Entropy model (MaxEnt). The result showed that the altitudinal variable was the main regulatory factor that significantly controls the distribution of the species. We found that nine species are distributed below 1000 m above sea level (a.s.l.), except Cedrela montana, which was distributed above 1500 m ...

The inhabitants of Tunants and Yahuahua face water supply problems in terms of quantity and quality, leading to socio-environmental and health impacts in the areas. The objective of this research, therefore, is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of a proposal for a rainwater harvesting and treatment system for human consumption in the native communities. For the technical feasibility, monthly water demand per family was compared with the amount of water collected in the rainy and dry seasons. In addition, 16 physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters were evaluated at the inlet and outlet of the water system.

Monitoring and evaluation of landscape fragmentation is important in numerous research areas, such as natural resource protection and management, sustainable development, and climate change. One of the main challenges in image classification is the intricate selection of parameters, as the optimal combination significantly affects the accuracy and reliability of the final results. This research aimed to analyze landscape change and fragmentation in northwestern Peru. We utilized accurate land cover and land use (LULC) maps derived from Landsat imagery using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and ArcGIS software. For this, we identified the best dataset based on its highest overall accuracy, and kappa index; then we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the differences in accuracies among the datasets, finally, we obtained the LULC and fragmentation maps and analyzed them. We generat...

Currently, the economic profitability of cocoa is being affected by the increasing incidence of pests, low selling prices, high production costs, and the presence of cadmium in cocoa farms, posing a potential risk of crop abandonment. Therefore, the objective of the present research was to evaluate the economic profitability of carbon sequestration of fine-aroma cacao agroforestry systems in Amazonas, Peru, using the economic indicators of NPV, EIRR, and the benefit–cost ratio. For this purpose, 53 small cocoa producers of the APROCAM cooperative were involved, from which data were obtained on the general characteristics of the production system, production and maintenance costs, indirect costs, and administrative costs; in addition, the costs of implementation and maintenance of an environmental services project were calculated to finally make a cash flow projected over 5 years. As pa...

Beekeeping plays an important role in global food production and the conservation of wild species. However, determining territorial suitability and future distribution under climate change scenarios is a relatively under-studied area in Peru. This study assessed the beekeeping suitability of the Amazonas region and its variation under climate change scenarios in two projected periods (2041-2060 and 2081-2100), according to Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). The methodological framework integrated the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the Hadley Centre Global Earth Model - Global Coupled configuration 3.1 (HadGEM3-GC31-LL) was used for future climate analysis. The beekeeping suitability of the region was determined based on eleven criteria: four climatic, three topographic, and four environmental. The results indicate that beekeeping suita...

The presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils poses a threat to the development of sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. The objective of this study was to evaluate the geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice-growing soils within the Amojú River Basin, Jaen, Peru. Ninety-five soil samples were collected randomly, covering four altitudinal ranges, namely, very low (374–450 m above sea level (m a.s.l.)), low (450–571 m a.s.l.), medium (571–701 m a.s.l.) and high altitudes (701–1,034 m a.s.l.), and different agronomic management stages, including four phenological phases (seedling, tillering, filling and ripening) and two agricultural practices (resting and stubble burning). The evaluation was conducted via physicochemical analysis, the single-factor pollution index, and spatial interpolation techniques through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method....

Careful landfill selection with minimal environmental impact is vital for urban planners. This study aims to identify suitable sites for controlled landfills using Fuzzy-AHP integrated with Remote Sensing and GIS, considering a 20-year projection of population and solid waste generation. Initially, twelve sub-criteria were identified, grouped into environmental, socio-economic, and physical categories, and then weighted using paired comparison matrices involving nine experts. The sub-criteria were rasterized and classified into four suitability levels. The weighted overlay of sub-criteria maps generated a territorial suitability model. Within the Alto Utcubamba Commonwealth (Amazonas, Peru), 0.069%, 41.70%, 66.934%, 0.20%, and 12.4% of the territory are suitable, moderately suitable, less suitable, unsuitable, and restricted, respectively, for landfill establishment. Subsequently, 16 hig...

Las Áreas de Conservación Privada (ACP) son uno de los mecanismos de conservación, gestionadas por ciudadanos privados que más protagonismo han adquirido en los escenarios de conservación local en los últimos años. En este estudio evaluamos la efectividad de cuatro ACP gestionadas por comunidades locales (CC). Se aplicó el Índice de Efectividad Compuesto (IEC) para determinar la efectividad del diseño, la integridad ecológica y la gestión. Los resultados muestran sistemas de gestión con una efectividad media, tres de las cuatro ACP evaluados (Copallín, Huaylla Belén-Colcamar y Tilacancha) reportan un diseño efectivo. Los rangos altitudinales protegidos están entre 2500 y 3500 m.s.n.m., con un índice de representatividad de la superficie promedio de 4,55% con respecto al área conservada en la categoría ACP para el departamento de Amazonas. La evaluación de la integrid...

En el año 2014, la Unión Europea impuso estándares máximos de tolerancia en cadmio, para la importación de productos a base de cacao, causando preocupación en los países. Se analizó estudios globales referidos a investigaciones en Theobroma cacao, relacionados con la actividad del cadmio en la atmósfera. Se utilizaron análisis bibliométricos en los programas R y VOSviewer, para examinar 64 documentos publicados en la base de datos Scopus según palabras clave. Se identificaron 811 palabras clave en coocurrencias de términos, 5 grupos temáticos en acoplamiento bibliográfico, 20 instituciones como afiliaciones más importantes, 20 países de procedencia de autores corresponsales, 112 instituciones en red de coautoría de los cuales 5 están en documentos primarios, y dos grupos en similaridad temática en co-citación de documentos. Estados Unidos lidera la producción cient�...

En el año 2014, la Unión Europea impuso estándares máximos de tolerancia en cadmio, para la importación de productos a base de cacao, causando preocupación en los países. Se analizó estudios globales referidos a investigaciones en Theobroma cacao, relacionados con la actividad del cadmio en la atmósfera. Se utilizaron análisis bibliométricos en los programas R y VOSviewer, para examinar 64 documentos publicados en la base de datos Scopus según palabras clave. Se identificaron 811 palabras clave en coocurrencias de términos, 5 grupos temáticos en acoplamiento bibliográfico, 20 instituciones como afiliaciones más importantes, 20 países de procedencia de autores corresponsales, 112 instituciones en red de coautoría de los cuales 5 están en documentos primarios, y dos grupos en similaridad temática en co-citación de documentos. Estados Unidos lidera la producción cient�...

In Peru, grasslands monitoring is essential to support public policies related to the identification, recovery and management of livestock systems. In this study, therefore, we evaluated the spatial dynamics of grasslands in Pomacochas and Ventilla micro-watersheds (Amazonas, NW Peru). To do this, we used Landsat 5, 7 and 8 images and vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). The data were processed in Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 through random forest (RF) classification reaching accuracies above 85%. The application of RF in GEE allowed surface mapping of grasslands with pressures higher than 85%. Interestingly, our results reported the increase of grasslands in both Pomacochas (from 2457.03 ha to 3659.37 ha) and Ventilla (from 1932.38 ha to 4056.26 ha...

El avance de las prácticas ganaderas a nivel mundial está creciendo exponencialmente. Consecuentemente a esto tenemos las pérdidas de bosques, quedando cada vez más desérticas los suelos, afectando la micro fauna y flora presente en la misma. El objetivo principal fue determinar áreas potenciales para el desarrollo de sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) mediante la utilización de Sistemas de Información Geográfica en la microcuenca Lluchca, provincia de Chachapoyas. Para ello se definieron cuatro tipos de aptitud: muy bueno, bueno, regular y malo. Para la delimitación de la microcuenca Lluchca se emplearon herramientas SIG (Sistemas de Información Geográfica), que facilitaron la manipulación y superposición de capas temáticas de tipo de suelo, pendiente, capacidad de uso mayor, zona de vida, red vial, red hídrica, precipitación y elevación. A estas capas se le aplicó un an�...