Currently, the economic profitability of cocoa is being affected by the increasing incidence of pests, low selling prices, high production costs, and the presence of cadmium in cocoa farms, posing a potential risk of crop abandonment. Therefore, the objective of the present research was to evaluate the economic profitability of carbon sequestration of fine-aroma cacao agroforestry systems in Amazonas, Peru, using the economic indicators of NPV, EIRR, and the benefit–cost ratio. For this purpose, 53 small cocoa producers of the APROCAM cooperative were involved, from which data were obtained on the general characteristics of the production system, production and maintenance costs, indirect costs, and administrative costs; in addition, the costs of implementation and maintenance of an environmental services project were calculated to finally make a cash flow projected over 5 years. As pa...

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo, determinar la importancia de la captura de carbono y su evaluación económica de sistemas agroforestales de cacao fino de aroma de la cooperativa APROCAM, Amazonas. Para ello, se evaluaron 15 SAF de cacao que tenían una superficie mínima de 1,5 ha y estaban distribuidas en tres grupos de edad; 5 parcelas de cacao jóvenes entre 8 y 15 años, 5 parcelas de cacao de mediana edad entre 16 y 29 años, y parcelas de cacao viejos entre 30 y 40 años. Aquí se cuantificaron el número de especies por parcela, se tomaron datos de diámetro de la altura de pecho de los árboles, peso fresco de la hojarasca y se recolectaron muestras de suelo para calcular el carbono orgánico. En total se registraron 17 especies en toda el área de estudio. La familia botánica más abundante estuvo representada por una sola especie de Musa sp. Los índices de disimilitu...

La presente investigación, realizada en el Laboratorio de Investigación de Entomología y Fitopatología de la Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, tuvo el objetivo de evaluar el efecto in vitro de cuatro controladores biológicos (Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. asperellum y Clonostachys rosea) frente a los hongos patógenos Colletotrichum spp. y Botrytis spp. Se utilizó la metodología de cultivos duales, que consiste en enfrentar el enemigo biológico en un extremo de una placa Petri y el hongo patógeno en el otro. Se establecieron seis tratamientos que incluyeron un testigo absoluto y un testigo químico (propineb 1000 ppm) por patógeno, con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Se logró el aislamiento de los fitopatógenos Colletotrichum spp., agente causal de la antracnosis del mango, y Botrytis spp., agente causal de la rancha en azucenas. Al co...

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo   en el vivero de la Estación Experimental de Pomacochas, provincia de Bongará-Amazonas, del Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, que tuvo como objetivo evaluar  el efecto de los tipos y dosis de sustratos en la propagación sexual y asexual de Mozgal (Cavendishia bracteata Ruiz & Pav. ex J. St.-Hil.) Hoerold) bajo condiciones de vivero. Se utilizaron cuatro tipos de sustratos (tierra agrícola, turba negra, humus de lombriz y arena de río) en tres proporciones diferentes (1:1, 1:2 y 2:1) haciendo un total de 22 tratamientos incluyendo los sustratos sin combinación alguna distribuidos en un DCA. Se colectaron semillas botánicas (SB) y vegetativas, para luego ser sembradas. Para las semillas botánicas se evaluaron los días de la emergencia y el porcentaje de germinación, mientras que para la...

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto in vitro de la capacidad antagónica de cinco controladores biológicos (Clonostachysrosea, Trichoderna viride, T.asperellum, T.lignorum y T.harzianum) sobre el agente causal de la pudrición gris de frutos de fresa (Fragaria spp). Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar, bajo el método de cultivos duales, con seis tratamientos incluido su testigo absoluto y un testigo químico con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Se determinó que el agente causal de la pudrición gris de los frutos de fresa es Botrytis spp. Porotrolado, se encontró que el tiempo de contacto entre el patógeno y las cepas de Trichoderma spp se produjo al cuarto día después del enfrentamiento. Estas cepas también alcanzaron un mayor PICR del patógeno diferenciándose significativamente (p>0,5) de los demás tratamientos evaluados, con un gra...

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto in vitro de la capacidad antagónica de cinco controladores biológicos (Clonostachysrosea, Trichoderna viride, T.asperellum, T.lignorum y T.harzianum) sobre el agente causal de la pudrición gris de frutos de fresa (Fragaria spp). Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar, bajo el método de cultivos duales, con seis tratamientos incluido su testigo absoluto y un testigo químico con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Se determinó que el agente causal de la pudrición gris de los frutos de fresa es Botrytis spp. Porotrolado, se encontró que el tiempo de contacto entre el patógeno y las cepas de Trichoderma spp se produjo al cuarto día después del enfrentamiento. Estas cepas también alcanzaron un mayor PICR del patógeno diferenciándose significativamente (p>0,5) de los demás tratamientos evaluados, con un gra...

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo   en el vivero de la Estación Experimental de Pomacochas, provincia de Bongará-Amazonas, del Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, que tuvo como objetivo evaluar  el efecto de los tipos y dosis de sustratos en la propagación sexual y asexual de Mozgal (Cavendishia bracteata Ruiz & Pav. ex J. St.-Hil.) Hoerold) bajo condiciones de vivero. Se utilizaron cuatro tipos de sustratos (tierra agrícola, turba negra, humus de lombriz y arena de río) en tres proporciones diferentes (1:1, 1:2 y 2:1) haciendo un total de 22 tratamientos incluyendo los sustratos sin combinación alguna distribuidos en un DCA. Se colectaron semillas botánicas (SB) y vegetativas, para luego ser sembradas. Para las semillas botánicas se evaluaron los días de la emergencia y el porcentaje de germinación, mientras que para la...

La presente investigación, realizada en el Laboratorio de Investigación de Entomología y Fitopatología de la Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, tuvo el objetivo de evaluar el efecto in vitro de cuatro controladores biológicos (Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. asperellum y Clonostachys rosea) frente a los hongos patógenos Colletotrichum spp. y Botrytis spp. Se utilizó la metodología de cultivos duales, que consiste en enfrentar el enemigo biológico en un extremo de una placa Petri y el hongo patógeno en el otro. Se establecieron seis tratamientos que incluyeron un testigo absoluto y un testigo químico (propineb 1000 ppm) por patógeno, con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Se logró el aislamiento de los fitopatógenos Colletotrichum spp., agente causal de la antracnosis del mango, y Botrytis spp., agente causal de la rancha en azucenas. Al co...

This study evaluated the seasonal variability of water quality in the Tilacancha River, the water source that supplies Chachapoyas, and the rural communities of Levanto and San Isidro del Maino of Perú. Eighteen physical, chemical, and microbiological water parameters were evaluated at five sampling points in two seasons (rainy and dry). To determine water quality, the results obtained for the parameters evaluated were compared with the Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL) established in the Regulation on Water Quality for Human Consumption (DS Nº 031-2010-SA), approved by the Environmental Health Directorate of the Ministry of Health. In addition, a Pearson correlation was performed to estimate the correlation between the variables evaluated. The results showed that microbiological parameters exceeded the MPLs in both periods evaluated, such as the case of total coliforms (44 MPN.100 mL-1...

Author contribution: All authors made an equal contribution to the development and planning of the study. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest, or such divergences linked with this research study. Data Availability Statement: Data are available from the authors upon request.

This study evaluated the seasonal variability of water quality in the Tilacancha River, the water source that supplies Chachapoyas, and the rural communities of Levanto and San Isidro del Maino of Perú. Eighteen physical, chemical, and microbiological water parameters were evaluated at five sampling points in two seasons (rainy and dry). To determine water quality, the results obtained for the parameters evaluated were compared with the Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL) established in the Regulation on Water Quality for Human Consumption (DS Nº 031-2010-SA), approved by the Environmental Health Directorate of the Ministry of Health. In addition, a Pearson correlation was performed to estimate the correlation between the variables evaluated. The results showed that microbiological parameters exceeded the MPLs in both periods evaluated, such as the case of total coliforms (44 MPN.100 mL-1...

The phenotypic characterization of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plays an important role in the generation of information for the conservation of cacao germplasm. The objective of this study is to characterize phenotypically 146 ecotypes of fine-aroma native cacao (FFNC) from northeastern Peru that were collected from 280 to 1265 metres above sea level. Morphological descriptors of fruits and seeds, sensory characteristics, and productivity descriptors were used. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics with pie charts, distribution histograms, and multiple correspondence analysis. The results showed that 76.7% of the cocoa ecotypes had green immature fruits, 73% showed slight roughness on the surface of the fruit, 54% showed an intermediate thickness of the fruit wall, and 90% had the appearance of pairs of equidistant ridges. Regarding seed characteristics, 71% showed ...

Cattle ranching is a fundamental economic activity in northern Peru, where proper management of water resources is crucial. This study, a pioneer in the region, evaluated water quality and its suitability for human consumption, vegetable irrigation, and livestock production. It is also the first study to document the presence of metals and metalloids in vulnerable areas because they are located at the headwaters of river watersheds. The spatiotemporal evaluation of physicochemical parameters, metals, and metalloids was performed in five micro-watersheds (Cabildo, Timbambo, Pomacochas, Atuen, and Ventilla) from water samples collected in the dry season (October 2017) and wet season (March 2018). The parameters were analyzed using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The results were contrasted with international and Peruvian quality standards related to dairy cow production. The...

Coffee (Coffea arabica) is the main commodity in Peru and is the economic support for thousands of small farmers. However, coffee production is affected by the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei). Currently, H. hampei is the most important pest in whole coffee-growing regions in Peru. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro biological activity of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria peruviensis, and Metarhizium sp. against Hypothenemus hampei in two trials at different times. Conidia production, Conidia viability, and pathogenicity against H. hampei were evaluated at three concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 107, and 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1). In addition, lethal times (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated. There were significant differences in conidia production ( < 0.001) and conidia viability ( < 0.041). The highest conidia production and ...

Cinchona officinalis, is a South American tree species, commonly used for medicine, and is currently threatened by agricultural expansion and cattle ranching. The objective was to determine the effect of chemical fertilization on the nursery growth to increase growth potential and survival of C. officinalis. A completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates was used; 20 C. officinalis plants were used per replicate. Two months after transplanting the C. officinalis seedlings to the polyethylene bags, inorganic fertilizer (YaraMila® HYDRAN) was applied. Monthly evaluations were carried out and the number of dead plants, plant height, diameter and number of leaves were recorded. The highest mortality rate was recorded when fertilizer was applied (73%) while in the non-fertilized treatment mortality reached 36%. Regarding the increase in height, diameter and number of...

Cinchona officinalis, is a South American tree species, commonly used for medicine, and is currently threatened by agricultural 1rea1cto1 and cattle ranching. The objective was to determine the effect of chemical fertilization on the nursery growth to increase growth potential and survival of C. officinalis. A completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates was used; 20 C. officinalis plants were used per replicate. Two months after transplanting the C. officinalis seedlings to the polyethylene bags, inorganic fertilizer (YaraMila® HYDRAN) was applied. Monthly evaluations were carried out and the number of dead plants, plant height, diameter and number of leaves were recorded. The highest mortality rate was recorded when fertilizer was applied (73%) while in the non-fertilized treatment mortality reached 36%. Regarding the increase in height, diameter and number of...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop for sustaining global food security and is particularly important in tropical and subtropical regions. In this context, precision agriculture enables more efficient crop management to increase productivity and sustainability. This study proposes an integrated framework for monitoring the phenological development and estimating the yield of O. sativa by combining agronomic variables, vegetation indices (VIs), and meteorological data. Six rice varieties (Victoria, Esperanza, Bellavista, Puntilla, Capoteña, and Valor) were evaluated across six phenological stages using field data, 20 VIs and meteorological parameters. Field data revealed greater tillering of the Puntilla and Valor varieties (9–28 tillers), with Esperanza having the most stable chlorophyll values (21.5–38.7, σ = 10.46) during ripening. The temporal dynamics of the VIs consistentl...

Monitoring and evaluation of landscape fragmentation is important in numerous research areas, such as natural resource protection and management, sustainable development, and climate change. One of the main challenges in image classification is the intricate selection of parameters, as the optimal combination significantly affects the accuracy and reliability of the final results. This research aimed to analyze landscape change and fragmentation in northwestern Peru. We utilized accurate land cover and land use (LULC) maps derived from Landsat imagery using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and ArcGIS software. For this, we identified the best dataset based on its highest overall accuracy, and kappa index; then we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the differences in accuracies among the datasets, finally, we obtained the LULC and fragmentation maps and analyzed them. We generat...

Beekeeping plays an important role in global food production and the conservation of wild species. However, determining territorial suitability and future distribution under climate change scenarios is a relatively under-studied area in Peru. This study assessed the beekeeping suitability of the Amazonas region and its variation under climate change scenarios in two projected periods (2041-2060 and 2081-2100), according to Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). The methodological framework integrated the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the Hadley Centre Global Earth Model - Global Coupled configuration 3.1 (HadGEM3-GC31-LL) was used for future climate analysis. The beekeeping suitability of the region was determined based on eleven criteria: four climatic, three topographic, and four environmental. The results indicate that beekeeping suita...

The increasing use of plastics globally has generated serious environmental and human health problems, particularly in the agricultural sector where low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and other plastics are widely used. Due to its low recycling rate and slow degradation process, LDPE is a major source of pollution. This paper addresses the problem of plastic accumulation in agriculture, focusing on LDPE biodegradation strategies. The studies reviewed include recent data and the methodologies used include state-of-the-art technologies and others that have been used for decades, to monitor and measure the degree of biodegradation that each treatment applied can have, including SEM, GCMS, HPLC, and microscopy. The countries investigating these biodegradation methodologies are identified, and while some countries have been developing them for some years, others have only begun to address this p...