Asegurar un nivel adecuado de salubridad en las personas constituye, para los gobiernos locales, uno de los retos más grandes de afrontar. Uno de estos retos lo constituye una gestión adecuada de la creciente generación de residuos sólidos urbanos, que vienen causando efectos nocivos, algunas veces irreversibles, en los recursos agua, aire y suelo y que además ponen en riesgo la salud e integridad de las personas; esto exige desarrollar e implementar propuestas que aborden el problema de manera integral, desde un enfoque que incorpore la participación de la comunidad, el gobierno y las instituciones locales así como de la aportación del sector privado. Específicamente en la ciudad de Jaén, la generación de residuos, así como su inadecuada recogida, tratamiento y disposición final, han dado como resultado un incremento en los niveles de contaminación, sumado al incumplimient...

Non-destructive methods that accurately estimate leaf area (LA) and leaf weight (LW) are simple and inexpensive, and represent powerful tools in the development of physiological and agronomic research. The objective of this research is to generate mathematical models for estimating the LA and LW of Cinchona officinalis leaves. A total of 220 leaves were collected from C. officinalis plants 10 months after transplantation. Each leaf was measured for length, width, weight, and leaf area. Data for 80% of leaves were used to form the training set, and data for the remaining 20% were used as the validation set. The training set was used for model fit and choice, whereas the validation set al.lowed assessment of the of the model’s predictive ability. The LA and LW were modeled using seven linear regression models based on the length (L) and width (Wi) of leaves. In addition, the models were ...

The objective of the research was to provide an overview of soil N2O emissions in coffee cropping systems; summarizing available field data on soil emissions and identifying controlling factors (fertilizer type, precipitation, temperature, altitude). A systematic search of Scopus, Science Direct, Springer, and Scielo for experimental-type studies was conducted from January 2000 to October 2021. Of the seventy manuscripts determined through the search strategy, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of the included studies revealed that they were conducted in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua; the rainfall of the fields ranged from 910 mm to 2740 mm per year and the average temperature was 20.3°C. Coffee is planted under agroforestry systems and monocultures; in addition, the most abundant forest species in coffee agroforestry systems are leguminous plants of the Inga and Er...

Cinchona pubescens is an emblematic species of Peru, as it was used as the only effective treatment against malaria for three centuries. This species is threatened by various anthropogenic activities and its propagation depends on the dispersal of seeds whose germination power is low, therefore, it is necessary to conserve and propagate it. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of substrate on the germination of C. pubescens. A completely randomized design was applied with five treatments according to the type of substrate T1 (25% forest soil+75% sand), T2 (50% forest soil+50% sand), T3 (75% forest soil+25% sand), T4 (100% forest soil) and T5 (100% sand), the forest soil was extracted from areas where C. pubescens is naturally present. Three replicates and 100 seeds per replicate were used in the treatments. Germination of C. pubescens started 12 days after sowing until d...

Cinchona officinalis, conocida como árbol de la quina, es una especie emblemática de Perú, con alto valor medicinal, se popularizó por su uso antimalárico y se encuentra en peligro de extinción. El objetivo de la investigación fue estudiar el efecto del sustrato sobre la propagación sexual de C. officinalis. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos de acuerdo con el tipo de sustrato T1 (25 % de tierra de bosque + 75 % de arena), T2 (50 % de tierra de bosque + 50 % de arena), T3 (75 % de tierra de bosque + 25 % de arena), T4 (100 % de tierra de bosque) y T5 (100 % de arena). En los tratamientos se emplearon tres repeticiones y 100 semillas por unidad experimental. El inicio de la germinación de C. officinalis ocurrió a partir de los 12 días después de la siembra hasta el día 42. El sustrato tierra de bosque tuvo mejor efecto en el índice (18.45 ± 3...

Cinchona officinalis, a native plant species known in Peru as the cinchona tree, has civic importance because it represents the plant wealth of this nation and medicinal importance since it was for more than 300 years the only cure for malaria, and is currently threatened. The aim was to determine the effect of light conditions on the percentage of mortality, height increase, and diameter increase of Cinchona officinalis. In the community of La Cascarilla (5°39’48.87 “S 78°54’35.24 “W), two treatments were installed, forest massif (FM) and enrichment bands (EB). For each treatment, three replicates and 16 plants per replicate were used. Monthly evaluations were carried out in which the number of dead plants, plant height, and diameter were recorded. These parameters were correlated with precipitation, temperature, and photoperiod records of the study area. The results showed th...

Seed germination is the fundamental phenomenon that determines the successful growth and development of each plant species,even more so in Cinchona ofcinalis, which is a forest species that stands out for its medicinal importance. Te objective of thiswork was to determine the best sigmoidal mathematical model describing the germination of C. ofcinalis. For the germinationtest, a completely randomized design was used with six treatments and three replicates per treatment; 100 °C. ofcinalis seeds wereused per replicate, and 1800 seeds were needed in the trial. Gompertz sigmoidal, logistic, and von Bertalanfy models were used toanalyse the germination curves of C. ofcinalis. Te results of these adjustments were analysed based on the graphic representationand statistical criteria (Akaike’s value (AIC), R2 , and R2ai). Te results suggest that the Gompertz and logistic models havea better g...

Cinchona officinalis, commonly called cascarilla or quina, has medicinal value; and is on Peru’s national coat of arms representing its plant wealth (flora), however, it is threatened by anthropogenic activities. This study aimed to determine the effect of the commercial product Myco Grow® on the growth of C. officinalis in nursery. A randomized design was used with two treatments, one with Myco Grow® application (WM) and the other without incorporating this commercial product (NM). Each treatment had three replicates consisting of 30 plants each. Monthly evaluations were performed, during which the number of dead plants, plant height, and plant diameter were recorded. Additionally, at the end of the study, the anhydrous weight of leaves, stems, and roots; leaf area; mycorrhizal frequency; mycorrhizal colonization index; and the length of extra-radicular mycelia were determined. The ...

Cinchona officinalis, commonly called cascarilla or quina, has medicinal value; and is on Peru’s national coat of arms representing its plant wealth (flora), however, it is threatened by anthropogenic activities. This study aimed to determine the effect of the commercial product Myco Grow on the growth of C. officinalis in nursery. A randomized design was used with two treatments, one with Myco Grow application (WM) and the other without incorporating this commercial product (NM). Each treatment had three replicates consisting of 30 plants each. Monthly evaluations were performed, during which the number of dead plants, plant height, and plant diameter were recorded. Additionally, at the end of the study, the anhydrous weight of leaves, stems, and roots; leaf area; mycorrhizal frequency; mycorrhizal colonization index; and the length of extra-radicular mycelia were determined. The WM t...

Seed germination is the fundamental phenomenon that determines the successful growth and development of each plant species, even more so in Cinchona ofcinalis, which is a forest species that stands out for its medicinal importance. Te objective of this work was to determine the best sigmoidal mathematical model describing the germination of C. ofcinalis. For the germination test, a completely randomized design was used with six treatments and three replicates per treatment; 100°C. ofcinalis seeds were used per replicate, and 1800 seeds were needed in the trial. Gompertz sigmoidal, logistic, and von Bertalanfy models were used to analyse the germination curves of C. ofcinalis. Te results of these adjustments were analysed based on the graphic representation and statistical criteria (Akaike’s value (AIC), R2, and R2 ai). Te results suggest that the Gompertz and logistic models have a be...

Cinchona officinalis, is a South American tree species, commonly used for medicine, and is currently threatened by agricultural expansion and cattle ranching. The objective was to determine the effect of chemical fertilization on the nursery growth to increase growth potential and survival of C. officinalis. A completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates was used; 20 C. officinalis plants were used per replicate. Two months after transplanting the C. officinalis seedlings to the polyethylene bags, inorganic fertilizer (YaraMila® HYDRAN) was applied. Monthly evaluations were carried out and the number of dead plants, plant height, diameter and number of leaves were recorded. The highest mortality rate was recorded when fertilizer was applied (73%) while in the non-fertilized treatment mortality reached 36%. Regarding the increase in height, diameter and number of...

Cinchona officinalis, is a South American tree species, commonly used for medicine, and is currently threatened by agricultural expansion and cattle ranching. The objective was to determine the effect of chemical fertilization on the nursery growth to increase growth potential and survival of C. officinalis. A completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates was used; 20 C. officinalis plants were used per replicate. Two months after transplanting the C. officinalis seedlings to the polyethylene bags, inorganic fertilizer (YaraMila® HYDRAN) was applied. Monthly evaluations were carried out and the number of dead plants, plant height, diameter and number of leaves were recorded. The highest mortality rate was recorded when fertilizer was applied (73%) while in the non-fertilized treatment mortality reached 36%. Regarding the increase in height, diameter and number of...

Cinchona officinalis es una importante especie vegetal, fue el único tratamiento para la malaria durante más de tres siglos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la precisión de cuatro métodos no destructivos de procesamiento digital de imágenes (LeafArea y tres algoritmos de ImageJ) para estimar el área foliar de plantaciones jóvenes de C. officinalis en dos condiciones de establecimiento: macizo forestal y franjas de enriquecimiento. Se fotografiaron hojas a 8 cm de distancia utilizando un smartphone de 24 MP y se procesaron con los métodos evaluados. El análisis estadístico incluyó diagramas de caja y bigotes, correlación de Pearson y prueba de Friedman. Los resultados mostraron que los métodos M3 y M4 de ImageJ presentaron la mayor precisión (r = 0,99), sin diferencias significativas entre ellos, y con sobreestimaciones detectadas en M1 y M2. Se concluye que M3 y M4...

The rice–fish farming system is an efficient ecological model with economic, ecological, and social benefits, reduces environmental impacts and optimizes the use of resources. The objective of the research was to explore and analyze scientific publications through a systematic review and meta-analysis related to rice–fish intercropping. A review of publications hosted in the Scopus and PubMed database from January 2000 to April 2025 was conducted. Research articles were selected, excluding review articles, com-mentaries, book chapters, and letters, and only documents published in English were analyzed. The analysis shows that the countries with the highest number of publications were China and Bangladesh, with a proportion of 48% and 24% respectively, followed by Thailand with 10% and Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and India with 5% each. The fish species used in rice–fish systems ...

Cinchona officinalis, known locally as cascarilla or cinchona, is a plant species native to South America. It was used as a source of quinine to combat malaria in the 17th century. The species is threatened by various anthropogenic activities. Further, the propagation of the species depends on seed dispersal and its germination capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve and propagate this species. Because C. officinalis seeds have a low germination capacity, we determined the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) on their germination and growth. A randomized design was employed with two treatments, one treated with mycorrhizae (CM) and another without mycorrhizae (SM). For each treatment, three replicates of 100 seeds were used. Germination, growth, and fungal characteristics were evaluated. In germination parameters, the CM treatment showed better performance, but the improvement ...

Accurate estimation of aboveground biomass is an essential component for assessing carbon sequestration and ecological dynamics of forest ecosystems. This study aims to determine the aboveground biomass content using specific allometric models in two species of the genus Cinchona (C. micrantha and C. pubescens) in the Peruvian Andes. A total of 51 individuals of C. micrantha and 60 individuals of C. pubescens (diameter at breast height (DBH) > 5 cm) were sampled non-destructively. For each species, 25 combinations resulting from applying five mathematical forms (linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, and power) to five independent variables (DBH, H, DBH × H, DBH² × H, DBH × H²) were evaluated. Second-order polynomial models with the composite variable DBH² × H presented the best predictive performance with an R² = 0.95 for C. micrantha and 0.97 for C. pubescens, along with...

Climate change is one of the main global challenges, addressed in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13, which seeks to "take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". The objective of the research was to analyze scientific articles that directly relate to SDG 13 through a bibliometric analysis for the period 2015 to 2024 of the Scopus database using the search term “SDG 13” OR “Sustainable Development Goal 13”. The research identified prolific authors, articles, sources with the highest impact in the area of study, leading institutions and countries in publications along with a detailed keyword analysis. The results show that interest in the study of SDG 13 has grown significantly with a focus on areas such as mitigation and adaptation, low carbon economy and public policy. This analysis provides an overview of advances in SDG 13 research, helps...

Climate change is one of the main global challenges, addressed in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13, which seeks to “take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”. The objective of the research was to analyze scientific articles that directly relate to SDG 13 through a bibliometric analysis for the period 2015 to 2024 of the Scopus database using the search term “SDG 13” OR “Sustainable Development Goal 13”. The research identified prolific authors, articles, sources with the highest impact in the area of study, leading institutions and countries in publications along with a detailed keyword analysis. The results show that interest in the study of SDG 13 has grown significantly with a focus on areas such as mitigation and adaptation, low carbon economy and public policy. This analysis provides an overview of advances in SDG 13 research, h...

The rice–fish farming system is an efficient ecological model with economic, ecological, and social benefits, reduces environmental impacts and optimizes the use of resources. The objective of the research was to explore and analyze scientific publications through a systematic review and meta-analysis related to rice–fish intercropping. A review of publications hosted in the Scopus and PubMed database from January 2000 to April 2025 was conducted. Research articles were selected, excluding review articles, com-mentaries, book chapters, and letters, and only documents published in English were analyzed. The analysis shows that the countries with the highest number of publications were China and Bangladesh, with a proportion of 48% and 24% respectively, followed by Thailand with 10% and Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and India with 5% each. The fish species used in rice–fish systems ...