A list of 44 species of 511 type specimens (34 holotypes, 9 allotypes, 418 paratypes, and 50 syntypes) of helminthes (Trematoda, Monogenea, Cestoidea, Nematoda and Acanthocephala), parasitic in vertebrates and invertebrates from Peru, Chile and the United States of America, and preserved in the Helminthological Collections of the Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (MUSM), Lima, Peru, is presented herein. Some nomenclatural comments are also included.

Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of the devastating bacterial wilt disease that attacks important agricultural crops such as potato, tomato, banana, among others, causing serious yield losses. Control of R. solanacearum is difficult because of its wide range of alternate hosts, its long survival in soil, its biological and genetic variation, the lack of natural resistance sources and the insufficiency of the appropriate chemical control measures. Quorum sensing is the term that describes the phenomenon whereby the accumulation of molecules allows bacteria to know the number of bacteria found in the environment (population density). R. solanacearum has a quorum sensing system for the regulation of the expression of virulence genes; the molecule 3-OH-PAME is the self-regulatory signal. The molecule ΒHPMEH hydrolyzes 3-OH-PAME nullifying the signal of virulence, and thus, the quo...

Warfare in the Andes varied greatly in intensity, form and aims. It was also laden with meanings alluded to in iconography, symbolism, and war-related ceremonies. While Andeanists have sometimes proposed that some forms of war were “ritualized” and others “secular,” this dichotomy does not adequately capture the variety of Andean conflict, nor does it correspond well to the comparative ethnographic record. Are there better ways to understand and explain variation in Andean warfare? This paper summarizes the main argument from Arkush (2022b) in a condensed form to address this question.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between conventional and computerized parameters of seminal quality by flow cytometry of frozen bovine semen. Semen of 10 ejaculates from five bulls was frozen. Total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), linear velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL) and average path velocity (VAP) in thawed semen were evaluated using the SCA® system. Normal morphology (NM), sperm vitality (SV) and functional membrane integrity were assessed by the eosin-nigrosin stain and the hipoosmotic test (HOST). Mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ΨM) and membrane stability were assessed by flow cytometry through the DiOC6(3)/PI and M-540/Yopro-1 dyes, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated, and multiple linear regression models were adjusted (p<0.05). Positive correlations between High-ΔΨM and Medium-ΔΨM with different ...

The aim of this study was to identify cultural aspects in the management of diseases that affect the health of cattle among cattle farmers in the Aguaytía district, Ucayali, Peru. Interviews were conducted with farmers and sellers of veterinary products in the area following a script of previously validated questions. Additionally, the National Agrarian Health Service (SENASA) was asked for information about the diseases reported in the region during the last two years. The description of the management of the health aspects was obtained from the assessment made by the interviewees. Rabies, anthrax and parasitosis were the diseases recognized as the most frequent in the study area. Farmers recognize the main clinical signs compatible with the main diseases, so they do not resort to the services of independent veterinarians or SENASA for confirmation. This has promoted the medication and...

Introduction: One of the most serious problems of medical students is occupational exposure during their clinical training as they lack experience and limited development of hand skills. Objectives: To establish the frequency, mechanisms, circumstances and risk factors of biological accidents reported in medical students. Design: Descriptive observational transversal type study. Setting: Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Participants: Medical students. Methodology: A retrospective anonymous and voluntary survey was conducted. Study participants were randomly chosen. Main outcome measures: Biological accidents. Results: In a sample of 307 students 51,5% had at least one accident (158/307); median of biological accidents in the last year was 1,06; 91,1% of senior students had at least one biological accident last year versus 11,9% of first-year stud...

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial features observed among hyperthyroid patients with Graves disease, influence the appearence of Graves Ophtalmopathy (GO). MATHERIAL AND METHODS: Analitical, observational and cross-sectional trial of 97 hyperthyroid patients. 69 patients completed the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: GO is more frequent among women (1, 1: 1) and in the fifth decade, although none of them were significant. Simultaneous onset between systemic complaints and GO, in the first six months, had statistical significance. Tobacco did correlate significantly with development of GO. Severe involvement of GO are more frequent in males. Exophtalmos was present in 27% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The first six months of onset of clinical manifestations of Graves disease and smoking habit should alert us about the risk of GO development. Exophtalmos is ...

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the level of learning about healthy habits through audiovisual media and text in primary school students. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study carried out in two Primary Educational Institutions located in North of Lima. Students of both sexes between 10 and 12 years of age who were in the fourth, fifth and sixth grade voluntarily participated. The study variable was the level of learning about healthy habits (healthy food and physical activity) after an educational session by trained personnel, applied in two intervention groups, in the first group a text was used and in the second group a medium audiovisual. The measurement was made with an evaluation questionnaire applied to both groups. Results: In the post-test, the group of children who participated with text reading obtained a mean score of 64.68 (95% CI: 61.03 to 68.32), while in the...

Objectives: To evaluate the evolution of accidental pregnancies that occur in users of intrauterine device (IUD) Copper T 380A. Design: Retrospective, descriptive study. Location: Family Planning Office of the Archbishop Loayza Hospital. Material and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients accidentally pregnant after being studied IUD users. Results: Occurred 46 accidental pregnancies in the study period, of which 7 will not be able to obtain information about termination of pregnancy. Of all the patients studied 59% were to term and 41% ended in abortion, 15.4% and 25.6% induced spontaneous. Only one case of abortion endometritis (2.6%) was recorded. Conclusions: accidental pregnancies T380A IUD users, 59% resulted in labor at term and 41% in abortion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between conventional and computerized parameters of seminal quality by flow cytometry of frozen bovine semen. Semen of 10 ejaculates from five bulls was frozen. Total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), linear velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL) and average path velocity (VAP) in thawed semen were evaluated using the SCA® system. Normal morphology (NM), sperm vitality (SV) and functional membrane integrity were assessed by the eosin-nigrosin stain and the hipoosmotic test (HOST). Mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ΨM) and membrane stability were assessed by flow cytometry through the DiOC6(3)/PI and M-540/Yopro-1 dyes, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated, and multiple linear regression models were adjusted (p<0.05). Positive correlations between High-ΔΨM and Medium-ΔΨM with different ...

The aim of this study was to identify cultural aspects in the management of diseases that affect the health of cattle among cattle farmers in the Aguaytía district, Ucayali, Peru. Interviews were conducted with farmers and sellers of veterinary products in the area following a script of previously validated questions. Additionally, the National Agrarian Health Service (SENASA) was asked for information about the diseases reported in the region during the last two years. The description of the management of the health aspects was obtained from the assessment made by the interviewees. Rabies, anthrax and parasitosis were the diseases recognized as the most frequent in the study area. Farmers recognize the main clinical signs compatible with the main diseases, so they do not resort to the services of independent veterinarians or SENASA for confirmation. This has promoted the medication and...

A list of 44 species of 511 type specimens (34 holotypes, 9 allotypes, 418 paratypes, and 50 syntypes) of helminthes (Trematoda, Monogenea, Cestoidea, Nematoda and Acanthocephala), parasitic in vertebrates and invertebrates from Peru, Chile and the United States of America, and preserved in the Helminthological Collections of the Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (MUSM), Lima, Peru, is presented herein. Some nomenclatural comments are also included.

La marchitez bacteriana causada por Ralstonia solanacearum E.F. Smith es una de las enfermedades bacterianas más importantes que ataca a cultivos agrícolas como papa, tomate, banana, entre otros, causando grandes pérdidas en la producción. Desafortunadamente, su control ha sido difícil por su amplio rango de hospederos alternativos, su supervivencia en el suelo y su variación biológica y genética; así como porque no hay variedades con altos niveles de resistencia y porque no existe un control químico efectivo. Quorum sensing (percepción de quorum) es el fenómeno mediante el cual la acumulación de unas moléculas permite a una bacteria saber el número de bacterias que se encuentran en el medio es decir la densidad poblacional. La bacteria R. solanacearum posee un sistema quorum sensing para la regulación de la expresión de genes de virulencia, y en la cual la molécula 3-O...

Los objetivos fueron cuantificar los polifenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante mediante la inhibición de los radicales DPPH y ABTSº+ en cáscara y semilla de tuna, cacao, uva y uvilla. Las muestras fueron secadas a 60 °C/12 h y molidas, se preparó un extracto agua/metanol (v/v) se maceró por 24 h y centrifugó a 10000 rpm/10min/4 ºC. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante el diseño completo al azar (DCA) y un análisis multivariado. El contenido de polifenoles varió entre 9,07 a 1,78 g EAG/100g. La capacidad antioxidante frente al radical DPPH tuvo el siguiente orden: Semilla de uva, piel y semilla de uvilla> piel de uva y cascarilla de cacao>cáscara de cacao>cáscara de tuna morada> semilla de tuna amarilla> piel de tuna amarilla> cáscara de tuna amarilla > piel de tuna morada > semilla de tuna morada. La correlación entre polifenoles totales ...

Perú boasts a wide diversity of fine aroma cocoa that merits quantifying its total phenols, anthocyanins, and characterize sensory the liquor and nibs of cacao, in two fermentation systems: traditional and micro-fermentation. The studying samples were “Chuncho”, Señorita variety, Achoccha, Pamuco and Común, and SHU-1 variety. For the quantification of total phenols was prepared a hydroalcoholic extract (100mg/mL). To the sensory characterization were chosen thirteen attributes whose results were subjected to multivariate analysis using the principal components method. The amount of total phenols was lower in the liquor compared to cocoa nibs, except in the microfermentation of Señorita and Achoccha variety, and in the traditional fermentation of Señorita variety; being the anthocyanin content higher compared to nibs. The cocoa liquor of Achoccha, Común and Señorita varieties i...

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Critica del libro Creating the Market University: how academic science became economic engine en la cual Elizabeth Popp Berman analiza cómo universidades estadounidenses pasaron de ser generadores pasivos de conocimiento para el mercado a integrarse como actores claves del mercado a fines de los setentas. Book Review: Creating the Market University: how academic science became economic engine by Elizabeth Popp BermanThe article summarizes Elizabeth Popp Berman’s book about the process through which U.S. universities began to take an active role as economic actors in the late seventies. The review concludes that the books would be of interest to an international audience given that it allows readers to see how the particularities of U.S practices in university knowledge production may have implications in other parts of the world.

La denominada "web 2.0", distinguida por sus herramientas como blog, wikis y redes sociales, facilita desarrollar conocimiento a partir de encontrarse con otras personas, compartir ideas y colaborar en resolver un desafío compartido. Esto también hace que cada vez más se habla no de "aprendizaje a distancia" o inclusive de "aprendizaje en línea" sino de "aprendizaje conectado" ("connected learning"), ya que la geografía y el medio no son lo que define de esta nueva forma de aprendizaje. Entonces ¿qué es el aprendizaje conectado y que implica para el aprendizaje superior en el futuro? Para contestar esta pregunta, este artículo analizala evolución entrelazada dela teoría y práctica del aprendizaje conectado para evaluar el potencial, implementación y desafíos a futurodel aprendizaje conectado en el contexto de la educación superior. From Distance Learning to Connected Learn...

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In this paper, we propose the use of simple KML files to increase student engagement when learning file I/O. We also report on our trial study where we had one group of students learn I/O functions using conventional exercises while we had another working with KML-based files that could trivially be viewed in Google Earth. Our assessment of student engagement indicated that students in the experiment group registered significantly higher in the usefulness and interest dimensions.