This study assesses the relationship between global sea surface temperature (SST) and a regional index of rainfall (NWPR) in Piura-Tumbes, a coastal region in northwestern Peru, over the period 1965-2008 by means of the Pearson product-moment correlation. The results show that this area is strongly influenced by three indices: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Niño3.4 region, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the equatorial Atlantic Oscillation (ATL3). In particular, a positive correlation has been found with the two first indices (Niño3.4 and IOD) and a negative one with ATL3 with several months of delay. This allows developing a forecast regression model for monthly rainfall in NW Peru with months in advance. The results show that linear regression model is not enough to provide satisfactory results; however, a nonlinear regression model improves considerably the prediction of ra...

In June 2018, the Peruvian provinces of Arequipa and Puno in the southern Andean region were affected by heavy snowfall, which caused severe damage to people and livelihoods in several communities. Using the Forecast-based Financing approach, the Peruvian Red Cross implemented its pre-defined early action protocol before this event, after receiving an extreme snowfall warning (Level 4) from the Peruvian meteorological service. Here, we provide a case study of the approach and event itself, documenting the decision-making thresholds as well as the actions taken. This warning activated the thresholds established in the protocol, and Peruvian Red Cross prioritized 10 communities for pre-disaster support based on the forecasted severity of the event in combination with vulnerability and exposure information. The activation took place 2 days before the extreme snowfall in the communities, and...

Objetivo: usar un mordiente natural, (Savia de Plátano), en reemplazo de un mordiente químico para que el color permanezca estable después del teñido. Material y Métodos: correspondió al diseño experimental; se realizó determinación analítica cuantitativa de la concentración de tanino en la savia del tallo de la planta de plátano de seda para las prendas. Resultados: el teñido con algodón, con mordiente savia de plátano presento una buena solidez a las diferentes pruebas exigidas. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos se puede decir que todas las fibras teñidas son inestables a la acción a los ácidos, en caso especial a las concentraciones cercano a 0,5 N y que presentaron una solidez media a concentraciones en el rango cercano a 0,01 N. Conclusiones: Se pudo usar la savia de plátano como mordiente, cuando se adiciono este a la fibra y siendo absorbido por ella, pudien...

Se realizó la investigación en laboratorio Facultad de Ingeniería química y con complementos, laboratorio taxicicologico Lima. Objetivo, nivel contaminación usando mordiente natural en teñido. circunscripción Santa María 2024. Método. investigación: Aplicada. Diseño Experimental. Mediante selección. reducción del tamaño de su partícula. Lavado Extracción. Almacenamiento. Secado y Proceso teñido. Se determinó que utilizando fijador natural en teñido, es satisfactorios, por su Ph. Resultados, fijador natural en teñido se determinó apropiado, Conclusión, Nivel de contaminación usando fijador natural en teñido es in significativa. La actividad mordiente natural que actúa en teñido es debido al componente tanino natural.

Extreme rains have been observed in the north of Peru, the impact of these rains over the present infrastructure in the cities is important, this due to the high vulnerability of the zone. The events happen mainly in summer. Therefore, fourteen cases of extreme rain have been selected, those that registered during the December and March of 2001 and 2002. In the present research an evaluation of the numerical rain simulation is made in north of Peru. Use a regional model atmospheric call RAMS (Regional Atmosphere Modeling System). It has been implemented in the North zone of Peru using the nesting technique to reduce the resolution. The evaluation of the rain simulation is made measuring the correlation between registered rains and the simulated ones by the model RAMS. The results show a greater correlation for the high river basin, an intermediate value of correlation for the average riv...

Anomalous conditions in the oceans and atmosphere have the potential to beused to enhance the predictability of flood events, enabling earlier warnings toreduce risk. In the Amazon basin, extreme flooding is consistently attributedto warmer or cooler conditions in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic oceans, withsome evidence linking floods to other hydroclimatic drivers such as theMadden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). This review evaluates the impact of severalhydroclimatic drivers on rainfall and river discharge regimes independently,aggregating all the information of previous studies to provide an up-to-datedepiction of what we currently know and do not know about how variationsin climate impact flooding in the Amazon. Additionally, 34 major flood eventsthat have occurred since 1950 in the Amazon and their attribution to climateanomalies are documented and evaluated. This review finds that ...

This study assessed changes in the maximum and minimum surface air temperatures across Peru during the period 1964–2014. For this purpose, we employed the most complete records of air temperature series that were also subjected to a rigorous quality control and homogenization protocol. Based on the homogenized series, we created a monthly gridded data set of maximum and minimum air temperatures at a 5 × 5 km grid spacing. The results suggest a general warming trend in surface air temperature across Peru, albeit with clear spatial and seasonal variation. Our results also reveal some differences in the detectable trends between maximum and minimum air temperatures. Maximum air temperature trends mainly increased during the austral summer (DJF), but cold season minimum air temperature trends showed an opposite pattern, with the strongest warming being recorded in the austral winter (JJA)...

Observatorio Andino (OA) was established in 2008 by The Centro de Modelado Científico (CMC) in collaboration with Climate information applied to agricultural risk management in the Andean countries (CIIFEN). The OA main goal is to provide a collaborative network that ultimately increases the efficiency of the decision-making processes, especially in terms of getting more accurate forecasts and exchanging experiences on data, information, and scientific products, all of which is done with a standardized methodology and a Web-sharing service. The Observatorio Andino follows a three level hierarchical model execution flux, with the same approach for both short-term and seasonal products. In order to facilitate the validation process, a spatial map for each time slice of interest involving the differences and/or the anomaly correlations between model output and observations, is generated. T...

In this study, we investigate changes in the glaciated surface and the formation of lakes in the headwater of the Querococha watershed in Cordillera Blanca (Peru) using 24 Landsat images from 1975 to 2014. Information of glacier retreat was integrated with available climate data, the first survey of recent depositional dynamics in proglacial Yanamarey Lake (4600m a.s.l.), and a relatively short hydrological record (2002-2014) at the outlet of Yanamarey Lake. A statistically significant temperature warming (0.21°C decade-1 for mean annual temperature) has been detected in the region, and it caused a reduction of the glacierized area since 1975 from 3.5 to 1.4km-2. New small lakes formed in the deglaciated areas, increasing the flooded area from1.8ha in 1976 to 2.8ha in 2014. A positive correlation between annual rates of glacier recession and runoff was found. Sediment cores revealed a h...

This work analysed the changes in air temperature in 25 meteorological stations in the Altiplano and the surrounding Andean slopes of Bolivia and Peru, and their relationship with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (SO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The analysis focused on annual, warm season (DJF) and cold season (JJA) maximum and minimum temperatures. All analyses were undertaken during 1965-2012, but some analyses were also from 1945 and 1955 when data were available. Principal component analysis was applied to the annual and seasonal series to identify spatial differences of changes in maximum and minimum air temperature. There was an overall increase of temperatures since the mid-20th century. The most intense and spatially coherent warming was observed for annual and warm season maximum temperature, with warming rates from 0.15 to 0.25 °C decade-1. Changes in the cold seas...

Climate-related phenomena in Peru have been slowly but continuously changing in recent years beyond historical variability. These include sea surface temperature increases, irregular precipitation patterns and reduction of glacier-covered areas. In addition, climate scenarios show amplification in rainfall variability related to the warmer conditions associated with El Niño events. Extreme weather can affect human health, increase shocks and stresses to the health systems, and cause large economic losses. In this article, we study the characteristics of El Niño events in Peru, its health and economic impacts and we discuss government preparedness for this kind of event, identify gaps in response, and provide evidence to inform adequate planning for future events and mitigating impacts on highly vulnerable regions and populations. This is the first case study to review the impact of a C...

Objetivo: Determinar las características de los Conductores de Vehículos menores de la ciudad de Huacho. Métodos: Se utilizó el método deductivo e inductivo y el modelo del diseño de investigación descriptivo comparativo. La población del estudio fue de 3050 personas conductores de vehículos menores, del que se obtuvo un tamaño de muestra final de 307 personas. Resultados: Se encontró que los conductores de vehículos menores tienen niveles intermedios de sus capacidades en cuanto a sus conocimientos teóricos, habilidades y destrezas, y actitudes y valores. La evaluación de la variable según la Escala de Likert nos proporcionó un valor de 65,89% o 3,29 puntos, que se ubica en el intervalo de Regular y Bueno, cercano a Regular, confirmándose así los resultados iniciales. Estos resultados explican el grado de cultura que tienen los conductores de mototaxis. Conclusiones: L...

This study detects climate trends and variability from precipitation and temperature observations in Ecuador and assesses their links to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) for the period 1966–2011, using the El Niño 1+2 and El Niño 3.4 indices. Excluding the Amazonian region (for which there is a lack of data), two main regions were distinguishable in terms of variability and trends among climate variables, especially for precipitation. In general, there was no trend in precipitation for the coastal region, and a very close relationship between the magnitude and seasonal distribution of precipitation and the El Niño 1+2 variability was found. In contrast, for the mountainous region (the Andes), there was an increase of precipitation during the study period, and a signal of El Niño 3.4 influence was detected. Temperatures were spatially homogeneous and showed an intense warmin...