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1
objeto de conferencia
Publicado 1989
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Along the northwestern coast of Perú, a few sequences of Holocene beach ridges have recently attracted the interest of several investigators. These costal features have been interpreted, first as evidence for tectonic and/or seismo-tectonic repeated events, and more recently as the result of paleo-El Niño phenomena. Most of the previous studies have been conducted in close relationship with archeological research programs, and a large proportion of the available radiocarbon data on the Peruvian beach ridges was provided by anthropic remains (charcoals and midden shells) collected on top of the ridges. Therefore these data do not yield ages of the edification of the ridges. A re-examination of the previous studies and a new investigation on the sequence located at Colán have been undertaken in 1988. The main objective is to determine whether the ridges have been formed during the stron...
2
artículo
This study assessed changes in the maximum and minimum surface air temperatures across Peru during the period 1964–2014. For this purpose, we employed the most complete records of air temperature series that were also subjected to a rigorous quality control and homogenization protocol. Based on the homogenized series, we created a monthly gridded data set of maximum and minimum air temperatures at a 5 × 5 km grid spacing. The results suggest a general warming trend in surface air temperature across Peru, albeit with clear spatial and seasonal variation. Our results also reveal some differences in the detectable trends between maximum and minimum air temperatures. Maximum air temperature trends mainly increased during the austral summer (DJF), but cold season minimum air temperature trends showed an opposite pattern, with the strongest warming being recorded in the austral winter (JJA)...
3
tesis de grado
La presente investigación tuvo como finalidad identificar si existe una relación entre la adaptación a la vida universitaria y las características de resiliencia en un grupo de 122 becarios universitarios de condición socio-económica de pobreza o pobreza extrema. Asimismo, busca describir diferencias en ambas variables según características sociodemográficas. Para ello se emplearon el Cuestionario de vivencias académicas (QVA-r) y la Escala de resiliencia para adultos (RSA). Los resultados dan cuenta de una relación directa entre todas las áreas de adaptación y la resiliencia total, siendo las más altas las halladas entre el área de personal (r = .64; p <.001) y estudio ( r = .57; p <.001) con resiliencia total. También, se encontró que las sub-escalas de futuro planeado y competencia social estuvieron relacionadas con todas las áreas de adaptación, encontrándose las ...
4
artículo
Publicado 2019
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Background: Phase Three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) measured the global prevalence of symptoms of asthma in children. We undertook comprehensive analyses addressing risk factors for asthma symptoms in combination, at both the individual and the school level, to explore the potential role of reverse causation due to selective avoidance or confounding by indication. Objective: To explore the role of reverse causation in risk factors of asthma symptoms. Methods: We compared two sets of multilevel logistic regression analyses, using (a) individual level exposure data and (b) school level average exposure (ie prevalence), in two different age groups. In individual level analyses, reverse causation is a possible concern if individual level exposure statuses were changed as a result of asthma symptoms or diagnosis. School level analyses may suffer fro...
5
artículo
Publicado 2019
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Some previously described environmental associations for atopic eczema may be due to reverse causation. We explored the role of reverse causation by comparing individual- and school-level results for multiple atopic eczema risk factors. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (i.e, ISAAC) Phase Three surveyed children in schools (the sampling unit) regarding atopic eczema symptoms and potential risk factors. We assessed the effect of these risk factors on atopic eczema symptoms using mixed-effect logistic regression models, first with individual-level exposure data and second with school-level exposure prevalence. Overall, 546,348 children from 53 countries were included. At ages 6–7 years, the strongest individual-level associations were with current paracetamol use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37–1.54), which persisted at school-lev...
6
capítulo de libro
Publicado 2019
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Every few years the tropical Pacific warms abnormally in association with a relaxation of the trade winds, a phenomenon known as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that represents the strongest fluctuation of the global climate system. Although the contemporary observational record indicates that all El Niño events are not alike, differing in amplitude, warming pattern, and teleconnection, there is a class of events that stands out in terms of the societal and economical impacts: the extreme El Niño events that have occurred every 15–20 years. In this chapter, we propose an overview of the state of knowledge and of some current lines of research dedicated to extreme El Niño events. Building on the recently proposed concept of ENSO diversity, we further synthesize our current understanding of the nonlinear dynamics of this class of events and their expected evolution in a wa...
7
libro
Latin America is currently suffering from two independent but related shocks: the impact of COVID-19 and the shock of commodity prices. Peru, we argue, is a case in which the strongest impact comes from the pandemic. Peru was the first country in Latin America to react and implement sanitary and economic measures against the coronavirus. The country has been in mandatory quarantine since Monday, March 16. This carries very important challenges for all economic actors. Global and national activity has suffered a sudden stop with direct implications for: (i) the income generating capacity of independent workers, (ii) the jobs of formal and informal and informal workers, and (iii) the survival of small, medium and large companies. In this note we consider the situation of Peruvian households in the face of the pandemic, exploring their vulnerabilities through an analysis of their main sourc...
8
artículo
Publicado 2020
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Latin America is a violent region where fear of crime is well spread but still not fully understood. Using multilevel methods for a large and subnational representative household survey (N = 271,022), we assess the determinants of fear of crime in Peru, the country with the highest fear of crime and crime victimization in the region. Our results show that body-aimed victimization (physical or sexual abuse from a member of their household, and sexual offenses) is the strongest driver of fear of crime, even higher than armed victimization. Moreover, safety measures based on social capital are negatively related to fear of crime, suggesting that they are palliatives rather than real protections. Finally, our study shows that people in a higher socioeconomic status are more likely to fear more because they have more (resources) to lose. Policy implications address Latin America as a whole an...
9
artículo
Monthly precipitation data from the period of 1970 to 2004 from 38 meteorological stations in the Mantaro river basin were used to classify the rainy seasons (September–April) of each year into anomalously dry or wet, and to determine the basin-wide extent of the anomalies based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The wet periods mostly occurred in the early 1970's and during the first half of the 1980's, except for the event that occurred in the 1993/94 period which was the strongest and most generalized in the analyzed period. The dry periods occurred mostly during the second half of the 1980's and the 1990's. Consistent with this, a negative trend in precipitation of 2% per decade was found for the rainy season, due mainly to a stronger trend (−4%/decade) during the peak phase (January–March). Despite previously reported significant negative correlations between El Ni...
10
objeto de conferencia
During the IGY, from December 1957 to November 1958, Trans-equatorial, 50 MHz forward scatter propagation studies were carried out in Perú by the National Bureau of Standards. They had different propagation paths. They included the E and/or F-region altitudes in their common volume. The studies showed that scattering from E and F-region irregularities were responsible for the relatively strong received signals. The strongest signals were identified with the same irregularities responsible for the Esq and Spread-F signatures observed in the ionograms. Shortly after, the Jicamarca Observatory was built. These same irregularities have been studied since, using this facility. One could claim that the present knowledge we have about the nature of these irregularities has come out from the backscattering observations made with its powerful radars. Toe space-time morphological characteristics ...
11
artículo
Publicado 2025
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Loneliness and depression are the most prevalent mental health issues among older adults, and their relationship has been documented in studies using reflective psychopathological models based on the total scores. However, mental health problems should be investigated at the level of individual symptoms in order to develop intervention strategies aimed at mitigating the adverse impact of both variables. The goal was to examine the extent to which symptoms of loneliness relate to symptoms of depression in elderly Peruvians using the network method in 328 Peruvian adults with an average age of 68.44 years (SD = 7.64). The participants were selected through non-probability convenience sampling, which may limit the generalizability of the results. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and three-item UCLA Loneliness Scale were used in this study. Network analysis was used to identify cen...
12
artículo
Publicado 2022
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The COVID-19 pandemic had a strong impact on mental health. Multiple studies report the alarming prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress-related conditions due to the lockdown measures. Nevertheless, somatization has been an overlooked topic in current literature despite its strong relationship with most mental health conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of somatic symptoms and their associated factors in a sample of 3218 undergraduate students from Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional design was carried out. The prevalence of somatic symptoms was measured with the PHQ-15. As predictors of somatic symptom severity, we included psychopathological (depression, anxiety, and stress), psychological (perceived social support, resilience, satisfaction with life, and academic self-efficacy), and sociodemographic (e.g., age, sex, employment status, relationship status, ...
13
artículo
Publicado 2024
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phenotypic characteristics and typification of Creole goats in five localities of the Ayacucho region in south-central Peru. Materials and Methods: Data from 149 goats (25 males and 124 females) were collected, excluding animals under 2 years of age, pregnant, and sick. Seven qualitative characteristics and 11 zometric measurements were evaluated, and then 9 zometric indices were estimated. Results: In the region, goats with composite colors predominated (76.50%). Additionally, supernumerary (24.20%) and divergent teats (22.60%) were observed in females, while males exhibited a scrotal bifurcation (32.00%). The origin of the flock had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on body measurements, as well as on pelvic index, transverse pelvic index, longitudinal pelvic index, compactness index, and load cannon bone index, except for body index (BOI), pr...
14
artículo
Publicado 2018
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Las lavanderas ejercían un trabajo duro e intenso fuese de forma particular o institucional. Lavaban en los ríos o fuentes, sitios permitidos o no, muchas veces acusadas por las autoridades de ensuciar el agua, colindante a las ciudades y perseguidas no sólo por motivos sanitarios sino morales por sus cuerpos mojados y expuestos a las miradas. En los hospitales castellanos e indianos, las lavanderas podían ser trabajadoras permanentes o externas. En casi todas las constituciones hospitalarias están presentes, siendo las mujeres más fuertes y jóvenes por el duro trabajo que realizaban. En este artículo se describirá y analizara el caso de lavanderas y roperas de un hospital castellano.
15
artículo
Publicado 2023
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Climate-related phenomena in Peru have been slowly but continuously changing in recent years beyond historical variability. These include sea surface temperature increases, irregular precipitation patterns and reduction of glacier-covered areas. In addition, climate scenarios show amplification in rainfall variability related to the warmer conditions associated with El Niño events. Extreme weather can affect human health, increase shocks and stresses to the health systems, and cause large economic losses. In this article, we study the characteristics of El Niño events in Peru, its health and economic impacts and we discuss government preparedness for this kind of event, identify gaps in response, and provide evidence to inform adequate planning for future events and mitigating impacts on highly vulnerable regions and populations. This is the first case study to review the impact of a C...
16
artículo
Publicado 2024
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Different meteor radars at low latitudes observed abnormally strong westward mesospheric winds around the March Equinox of 2023, that is, during the first phase of the Mesospheric Semiannual Oscillation. This event was the strongest of at least the last decade (2014–2023). The westward winds reached −80 m/s at 82 km of altitude in late March, and decreased with increasing altitude and latitude. A considerable increase in the diurnal tide amplitude was also observed. The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere-ionosphere eXtension constrained to meteorological reanalysis up to ∼50 km does not capture the observed low-latitude behavior. Additionally, these strong mesospheric winds developed during the westerly phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, in accordance with the filtering mechanism of gravity waves in the stratosphere proposed in previous works. Finally,...
17
artículo
Publicado 2001
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We present a study of seasonal and diurna! variations of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE), along with temperature and wind data collected during summer 1998 using the 51.5 MHz VHF radar located in Resolute Bay, Canada (75°N, 95°W). The latitudinal dependence of PMSE occurrence and strength are examined by comparing Resolute Bay observations with earlier Poker Flat (65°N, 147°W) observations. Temperatures measurements at Resolute Bay using the radar in the meteor mode are compared with satellite measurements at similar latitudes ofResolute Bay and Poker Flat. The temperature measurements are in good agreement, and, as expected, PMSE is strongly controlled by the seasonal temperature variations. Differences found in the daily composite and monthly average winds, and in the monthly evolution of the amplitudes and phases of the diurna! and semidiurnal tides at Resolute Bay and Poker...
18
artículo
Publicado 2020
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A coded long pulse is applied to the Jicamarca 50 MHz high power large aperture radar to study meteor head echoes. We develop a probabilistic detection model, which finds 25% more meteors than the commonly used signal‐to‐noise threshold method. The long code and the probabilistic approach allow us to detect over 180 meteors per minute during the dawn hours, which is several times higher than reported previously. The typical mass of the meteoroids is estimated to be about 10−9 kg, slightly smaller than other sensitive very‐high‐frequency and ultrahigh‐frequency high power large aperture radars except the Arecibo radar. The high sensitivity allows us to observe numerous meteors in the presence of the strongest equatorial electrojet. We report and discuss the characteristics of meteor flux rate, ablation height, and velocity with a constant noise power for the first time for the...
19
artículo
Publicado 2010
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We present observations of the F‐region ionosphere over Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18.34°N, 66.75°W), during the January–February 2008 and January–February 2009 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. For the first period (2008), we have used incoherent scatter radar (ISR) electron density and temperature measurements from the Arecibo Observatory (AO), as well as relative total electron content (TEC) derived from a dual‐frequency GPS receiver. For the second event (2009), during which we observed the largest recorded stratospheric warming, we have used the relative GPS TEC. Our analysis indicates that the ionosphere over Arecibo exhibits perturbations after the SSW, the effects are most visible during the daytime. The strongest signatures are observed in the TEC measurements, represented by large enhancements (with respect to non SSW days), particularly during daytime hours. Howe...
20
artículo
Publicado 2017
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The El Niño of 2015/16 was among the strongest El Niño events observed since 1950 and took place almost two decades after the previous major event in 1997/98. Here, perspectives of the event are shared by scientists from three national meteorological or climate services that issue regular operational updates on the status and prediction of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Public advisories on the unfolding El Niño were issued in the first half of 2015. This was followed by significant growth in sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, a peak during November 2015–January 2016, subsequent decay, and its demise during May 2016. The life cycle and magnitude of the 2015/16 El Niño was well predicted by most models used by national meteorological services, in contrast to the generally overexuberant model predictions made the previous year. The evolution of multiple atmospheric and...
