O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho e o valor nutricional da forragem verde hidropônica de cevada (FVH) na alimentação de cobaias, além de comparar diferentes sistemas de alimentação para determinar seu efeito no crescimento, conversão alimentar, mortalidade e desempenho de carcaça de porquinhos-da-índia. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado e teste de Duncan a 5%. Utilizaramse 100 cobaias machos com 14 ± 5 dias, distribuídos em cinco tratamentos (T1: concentrado; T2: FVH; T3: chala; T4: concentrado + FVH; T5: concentrado + chala), com cinco repetições. O peso, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e percentagem de carcaça foram avaliados durante 49 dias. O ganho de peso por dia em T4 (16,11 g), T1 (15,95 g) e T5 (15,65 g) foi significativamente maior do que o obtido em T2 (5,51 g) e T3 (4,95 g) (p < 0,05). T5 e T4 apresentaram os ma...

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Zootecnia. Departamento Académico de Producción Animal

As part of our study of saproxylic fauna in cocoa (Theobroma cacao Linnaeus, 1753) sites in northern Peru, we present a new record of Xylopsocus capucinus (Fabricius, 1781) in the country. The species X. capucinus is considered an invasive beetle in the Bostrichidae family to Central America. Our report includes biological and ecological data from this site, as well as detailed taxonomic information and images to facilitate identification.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop for sustaining global food security and is particularly important in tropical and subtropical regions. In this context, precision agriculture enables more efficient crop management to increase productivity and sustainability. This study proposes an integrated framework for monitoring the phenological development and estimating the yield of O. sativa by combining agronomic variables, vegetation indices (VIs), and meteorological data. Six rice varieties (Victoria, Esperanza, Bellavista, Puntilla, Capoteña, and Valor) were evaluated across six phenological stages using field data, 20 VIs and meteorological parameters. Field data revealed greater tillering of the Puntilla and Valor varieties (9–28 tillers), with Esperanza having the most stable chlorophyll values (21.5–38.7, σ = 10.46) during ripening. The temporal dynamics of the VIs consistentl...

Cinchona officinalis es una importante especie vegetal, fue el único tratamiento para la malaria durante más de tres siglos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la precisión de cuatro métodos no destructivos de procesamiento digital de imágenes (LeafArea y tres algoritmos de ImageJ) para estimar el área foliar de plantaciones jóvenes de C. officinalis en dos condiciones de establecimiento: macizo forestal y franjas de enriquecimiento. Se fotografiaron hojas a 8 cm de distancia utilizando un smartphone de 24 MP y se procesaron con los métodos evaluados. El análisis estadístico incluyó diagramas de caja y bigotes, correlación de Pearson y prueba de Friedman. Los resultados mostraron que los métodos M3 y M4 de ImageJ presentaron la mayor precisión (r = 0,99), sin diferencias significativas entre ellos, y con sobreestimaciones detectadas en M1 y M2. Se concluye que M3 y M4...

Romerillo (Retrophyllum rospigliosii), a vulnerable conifer native to the cloud forests of Cajamarca, Peru, persists in small remnants at high altitudes in San Ignacio province, where its integration into agroforestry systems may support both conservation and sustainable production. This study aimed to model the growth of R. rospigliosii associated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) using diameter and height as indicators. Field data were collected over 18 months in two experimental plots and the study analyzed 329 individuals selected from 600 initially planted, with monthly monitoring to evaluate early growth and survival dynamics. The data were analyzed with nonlinear mathematical models, including Schumacher, Chapman–Richards, and Weibull, with model selection based on goodness-of-fit and prediction statistics such as R², AIC, and BIC. Results showed that Schumacher provided the best...

Plantain (Musa (AAB), cv. 'Bellaco') and papaya (Carica papaya) are key crops for the economy and food security in northwestern Peru; however, the lack of spatially explicit information on their current and future suitability limits agricultural planning and climate change adaptation. This study modeled the current and future potential distribution (2050 and 2070) of both crops in the provinces of Jaén and San Ignacio under the SSP1– 2.6, SSP2– 4.5, and SSP5– 8.5 scenarios, using 262 occurrence records for plantain and 125 for papaya, together with bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic predictors standardized to a spatial resolution of 1 km. MaxEnt models calibrated with 25-fold cross-validation showed excellent performance (current AUC = 0.922–0.928; projected AUC = 0.957–0.965). The main predictors were elevation (58.97%), precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19, 13.39%)...

Generating agricultural suitability analyses that are objective, consistent, and accessible through digital platforms remains a technical and methodological challenge, creating an information gap for certain stakeholders. To address this issue, we assessed the territorial suitability of the Cajamarca region for coffee and cocoa cultivation using 18 subcriteria grouped into climatic, edaphological, topographic, and socioeconomic categories. To reduce subjectivity and improve consistency in variable comparisons, we applied multicriteria evaluation techniques, including the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Shannon entropy method. On the basis of the resulting weights, suitability models were generated using two approaches: one based on threshold reclassification and another using continuous suitability functions. Both approaches were validated using 3886 presence points for coffee and...

Accurate estimation of biomass and carbon in agroforestry systems is essential to assess their contribution to climate change mitigation and to improve their management. In this context, UAV-mounted LiDAR technology emerges as a fast, accurate, and non-destructive alternative for the structural characterization of cocoa agroforestry systems. This study aimed to estimate and analyze structural parameters, mainly tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH), as well as to calculate aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration in a cocoa agroforestry system, using LiDAR data obtained with a DJI Matrice 350 RTK UAV equipped with a Zenmuse L2 sensor, complemented by automatic tree segmentation in LiDAR360 and the application of species-specific allometric equations. The results showed a 93 % segmentation efficiency, with accuracies of 0.93 and 0.99 for DBH and height estimations, respectiv...

The increasing use of plastics globally has generated serious environmental and human health problems, particularly in the agricultural sector where low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and other plastics are widely used. Due to its low recycling rate and slow degradation process, LDPE is a major source of pollution. This paper addresses the problem of plastic accumulation in agriculture, focusing on LDPE biodegradation strategies. The studies reviewed include recent data and the methodologies used include state-of-the-art technologies and others that have been used for decades, to monitor and measure the degree of biodegradation that each treatment applied can have, including SEM, GCMS, HPLC, and microscopy. The countries investigating these biodegradation methodologies are identified, and while some countries have been developing them for some years, others have only begun to address this p...

The rice–fish farming system is an efficient ecological model with economic, ecological, and social benefits, reduces environmental impacts and optimizes the use of resources. The objective of the research was to explore and analyze scientific publications through a systematic review and meta-analysis related to rice–fish intercropping. A review of publications hosted in the Scopus and PubMed database from January 2000 to April 2025 was conducted. Research articles were selected, excluding review articles, com-mentaries, book chapters, and letters, and only documents published in English were analyzed. The analysis shows that the countries with the highest number of publications were China and Bangladesh, with a proportion of 48% and 24% respectively, followed by Thailand with 10% and Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and India with 5% each. The fish species used in rice–fish systems ...

The presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils poses a threat to the development of sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. The objective of this study was to evaluate the geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice-growing soils within the Amojú River Basin, Jaen, Peru. Ninety-five soil samples were collected randomly, covering four altitudinal ranges, namely, very low (374–450 m above sea level (m a.s.l.)), low (450–571 m a.s.l.), medium (571–701 m a.s.l.) and high altitudes (701–1,034 m a.s.l.), and different agronomic management stages, including four phenological phases (seedling, tillering, filling and ripening) and two agricultural practices (resting and stubble burning). The evaluation was conducted via physicochemical analysis, the single-factor pollution index, and spatial interpolation techniques through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method....

Monitoring agroforestry systems remains challenging due to canopy heterogeneity and the coexistence of species with contrasting dynamics. While field-based methods offer high accuracy, they are inefficient for rapid and multitemporal structural assessments. This study integrated LiDAR and multispectral data collected using a Matrice 350 RTK equipped with a Zenmuse L2 sensor and a RedEdge-P camera. Raw LiDAR data were processed in DJI Terra v4.1 and subsequently pre-processed and corrected in TerraSolid v23.011, whereas multispectral products were generated in Agisoft Metashape Professional v2.2.1. The derived metrics indicated greater growth in System A, driven by fast-growing species, whereas System B showed an overall reduction with slight increases in the upper percentiles. In addition, MSAVI and MTVI2 were sensitive to canopy structure, while GNDVI and NDRE responded to foliage conte...

The integration of vegetative cover crops and machine learning-based predictive models represents an innovative strategy to enhance the sustainability and productivity of tropical fruit production systems. This study evaluated the effects of four soil cover treatments, spontaneous vegetation, Arachis pintoi, Canavalia ensiformis, and Centrosema macrocarpum, in addition to a no-cover control, on yield performance and soil quality in papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation. Agronomic variables, vegetation indices derived from multispectral imagery, and meteorological factors were integrated to develop yield prediction models using Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Extreme Gradient Boosting algorithms. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05), with Centrosema macrocarpum achieving the highest yield (102.22 t ha-1), representing a 37% increase com...

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic contaminants that pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems. This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of PAHs in rice paddy soils from northwestern Peru. Ninety-seven soil samples were collected at a depth of 30 cm across three altitudinal zones, four phenological stages, and two agronomic management practices. Quantification was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FLD). Source apportionment was conducted through rotated principal component analysis combined with multiple linear regression. Ecological risk was assessed using organic carbon normalization and the mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q) method, while carcinogenic potential was estimated using the toxic equivalent factor (TEQCARC). Total PAHs ranged from 22.02 t...

Agricultural extension, understood as producer-oriented guidance, is vital for driving technology adoption and sector development. This systematic review (2015–2025) examines global and national trends in agricultural research and extension, witha particular focus on Peru's policy landscape. Internationally, the U.S.A., China, and Europe are identified as leaders in scientific innovation, while Brazil excels regionally through its integrated approach to research, innovation, and extension. Agricultural research is still centralized in Lima on a national level, but expanding capability in areas like Amazonas, Junín, and Puno emphasizes how urgently decentralization is needed. By comparing national research output with MIDAGRI’s Agrarian Development Plan 2021–2030 and relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the study reveals strong thematic alignment in innovation, food secur...

Accurate estimation of aboveground biomass is an essential component for assessing carbon sequestration and ecological dynamics of forest ecosystems. This study aims to determine the aboveground biomass content using specific allometric models in two species of the genus Cinchona (C. micrantha and C. pubescens) in the Peruvian Andes. A total of 51 individuals of C. micrantha and 60 individuals of C. pubescens (diameter at breast height (DBH) > 5 cm) were sampled non-destructively. For each species, 25 combinations resulting from applying five mathematical forms (linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, and power) to five independent variables (DBH, H, DBH × H, DBH² × H, DBH × H²) were evaluated. Second-order polynomial models with the composite variable DBH² × H presented the best predictive performance with an R² = 0.95 for C. micrantha and 0.97 for C. pubescens, along with...

Determining pasture productivity and nutritional value through non-destructive approaches aimed at optimizing forage resource management and improving efficiency in livestock systems has become an urgent priority. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of machine learning models in predicting biomass production and the nutritional contribution of different pasture species, as well as to assess the role of vegetation indices (VIs) in these predictions. To this end, a multispectral sensor mounted on a DJI Matrice 350 RTK platform was used, together with agronomic, yield, and nutritional variables. The curated dataset was subsequently analyzed using linear and polynomial models, as well as tree-based algorithms and support vector machines. Model validation was performed using a group-constrained random partitioning scheme (Group Shuffle Split), with spe...

The Shumba watershed, located in the province of Jaén, played an essential role in the ecological balance and water supply of the region. The objective of this study was to analyze changes in land cover and land use between 1998 and 2024, using spectral indices of vegetation, soil, and water derived from Landsat 5 and 8 images. The processing was performed in Google Earth Engine and ArcGIS 10.5, applying the Random Forest algorithm for supervised classification. The results indicate an increase of 2708.11 ha in the category “Mosaic of crops, pastures and natural spaces” and 122.50 ha in “Continuous urban fabric”. In contrast, reductions were recorded in “Shrub/herbaceous vegetation” (- 1867.32 ha), “High dense forest” (-462.86 ha), “Transient crops” (-446.25 ha), and “Bare land” (-54.17 ha). Validation of the classification yielded an overall accuracy of 0.90 and...

Coffee is a globally important crop with significant economic and social relevance, particularly in the Cajamarca region of Peru, which is recognized for the production of high-quality beans. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of mycotoxins in three specialty coffee varieties while simultaneously assessing their physical, sensory, and compositional characteristics. A total of 36 parchment coffee samples were randomly collected from two storage facilities located in the provinces of Jaén and San Ignacio. The results revealed the exclusive presence of aflatoxin G₂, with concentrations varying between storage conditions. The Catimor variety exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content; however, it showed lower physical yield and reduced sensory scores. In contrast, the Bourbon variety displayed a more balanced profile between bean composition and cup q...