The prevalence of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) was studied in cattle raised under an extensive rearing system andwithout history of vaccination. Herds were located in the province of San Pablo, department of Cajamarca, Peru. Blood samples from 480 bovine were collected for detection of antibodies against BHV-1 by viral neutralization test. The seroprevalence was 0.6 ± 0.7% (3/480). The three positive Holstein cows, older than 6 years, were part of the same herd and the antibody titers were 1:64 (2) and 1:32 (1). The results indicated that the BHV-1 is now widely distributed in cattle of the studied region.

La prevalencia del virus herpes bovino 1 (BHV-1) se determinó en bovinos de crianza extensiva, sin historia de vacunación, y mayormente cruzados, en tres distritos de la provincia de San Pablo, Cajamarca. Se colectaron 480 muestras de sangre de bovinos para la detección de anticuerpos contra el BHV-1 mediante la prueba de neutralización viral. Se determinó que el 0.6 ± 0.7% (3/480) de los animales presentaron anticuerpos contra el BHV-1. Las tres vacas serorreactoras fueron Holstein, mayores de 6 años de edad y pertenecieron a un solo hato, y presentaron títulos de anticuerpos de 1:64 (2) y 1:32 (1). Los resultados indicaron que la enfermedad se encuentra poco difundida entre los animales de la zona en estudio, por lo que se deberá evitar el ingreso de animales infectados.

Se ha demostrado que los antibióticos aminoglucósidos interactúan con varias moléculas de ARN al unirse a regiones con estructuras secundarias. Varios reportes indican que la neomicina B puede inhibir la replicación del VIH y otros virus ARN. El genoma rotaviral consiste de 11 segmentos de ARN de doble hebra, la replicación viral emplea ARN cadena positiva (ARNm) como templado para la síntesis de ARN de cadena negativa. Se ha determinado que señales existentes en cis del ARNm son necesarias para la replicación al involucrar secuencias y conformaciones esenciales para el reconocimiento de la polimerasa viral. Debido a que se requieren dos pasos para la síntesis de ARN para la morfogénesis del virus, se ha estudiado los efectos de neomicina B y otros aminoglucósidos en la transcripción y/o replicación del genoma viral. Los resultados demuestran que neomicina B a concentracion...

The canine Herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1) is responsible for the canine hemorrhagic disease in puppies aged less than four weeks and for some reproductive problems in adult bitches. In Peru, the disease has been not reported, although there are findings suggesting its presence. Thus, the aim of this study was to show the presence of antibodies against CHV-1 among the canine population associated with history of reproductive problems. Blood samples from 28 animals belonging to seven districts of the province of Lima were collected. These dogs had a history of reproductive problems or neonatal mortality. Samples were submited to the indirect immunofluorescense test (IFAT), and nine of them (32 ± 17%) were positive to the test.

Pruebas indirectas de ELISA revelaron la presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la Leucosis Bovina (BLV) en 12,5 ± ± 3,3% (n = 47/377) de las muestras de suero de 8 rebaños de ganado de doble propósito criados extensivamente (n = 342 hembras, 35 macos) obtenidos en(Gran Pajonal, Ucayali, Perú). Sobre la base de la sensibilidad 89% de esta prueba de ELISA, sin embargo, la prevalencia de BLV en esta muestra es 2,55 + + 1,59%. Aunque todos los rebaños analizados estaban infectados en diferentes grados, y las frecuencias más altas de anticuerpos fueron encontrados en animales adultos (vacas = l2.9%, toros = 28,6%), la incidencia global de reactores BLV es bajo en comparación con otras áreas de las zonas tropicales del Perú, como Pucallpa. Por esta razón, los controles deben ser establecidos para prevenir la introducción de animales infectados BLV a esta importante zona poten...

The aim of the study was to determine the relative in vitro ARNm expression levels of IL-2 and IL-10 in peripheral blood leukocytes by real time RT-PCR and relative quantification using the 2-ΔΔCt method in presence of clostridial antigens and GAPDH as an endogenous control. Whole blood was collected from 10 adult alpacas. Samples were centrifuged to obtain leukocytes using the Ficoll reagent, purified with ammonium chloride and cultured in 24-well plates at a concentration of 500 000 live cells/ml minimal essential medium (MEM) with clostridial extract suspensions at concentrations of 400, 16, 0.8 and 0.2 µg/ml. Subsequently, the RT-qPCR test was performed. IL-2 kinetic expression patterns were inversely proportional to the clostridial antigen dose in the three incubation times (p>0.05), unlike IL-10 which its kinetic expression patterns were variable, reaching its maximum at 12 h...

El Virus Herpes Canino tipo 1 (VHC-1) es responsable de la enfermedad hemorrágica canina en cachorros menores de cuatro semanas de vida y de algunos problemas reproductivos en perras adultas. En el Perú, la enfermedad no ha sido reportada, aunque existen hallazgos que sugieren su presencia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue demostrar la presencia de anticuerpos contra el VHC-1 entre la población canina con antecedentes asociados a problemas reproductivos. Se recolectaron muestras de sangre de 28 animales procedentes de siete distritos de la provincia de Lima que tuvieron algún antecedente relacionado a problemas reproductivos o mortalidad neonatal. Las muestras fueron analizadas con la prueba de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) donde nueve canes (32 ± 17%) resultaron positivos.

Pruebas indirectas de ELISA revelaron la presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la Leucosis Bovina (BLV) en 12,5 ± ± 3,3% (n = 47/377) de las muestras de suero de 8 rebaños de ganado de doble propósito criados extensivamente (n = 342 hembras, 35 macos) obtenidos en(Gran Pajonal, Ucayali, Perú). Sobre la base de la sensibilidad 89% de esta prueba de ELISA, sin embargo, la prevalencia de BLV en esta muestra es 2,55 + + 1,59%. Aunque todos los rebaños analizados estaban infectados en diferentes grados, y las frecuencias más altas de anticuerpos fueron encontrados en animales adultos (vacas = l2.9%, toros = 28,6%), la incidencia global de reactores BLV es bajo en comparación con otras áreas de las zonas tropicales del Perú, como Pucallpa. Por esta razón, los controles deben ser establecidos para prevenir la introducción de animales infectados BLV a esta importante zona poten...

The aim of the study was to determine the relative in vitro ARNm expression levels of IL-2 and IL-10 in peripheral blood leukocytes by real time RT-PCR and relative quantification using the 2-ΔΔCt method in presence of clostridial antigens and GAPDH as an endogenous control. Whole blood was collected from 10 adult alpacas. Samples were centrifuged to obtain leukocytes using the Ficoll reagent, purified with ammonium chloride and cultured in 24-well plates at a concentration of 500 000 live cells/ml minimal essential medium (MEM) with clostridial extract suspensions at concentrations of 400, 16, 0.8 and 0.2 µg/ml. Subsequently, the RT-qPCR test was performed. IL-2 kinetic expression patterns were inversely proportional to the clostridial antigen dose in the three incubation times (p>0.05), unlike IL-10 which its kinetic expression patterns were variable, reaching its maximum at 12 h...

Cystozoites obtained from macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae, collected from alpaca meat infected with sarcocystiosis, were inoculated onto primary monolayer cultures of alpaca turbinate (AT) and secondary monolayer of bovine kidney (BHK) and monkey kidney (VERO) cells. Sporozoites entered the cells, formed large and small multinucleate schizonts, and produced large numbers of cystozoites of perinuclear position. Continuous cultivation from the original cystozoite inoculum was maintained for more than 150 days by inoculating cystozoites onto new cultures of AT, BHK and VERO cells. During this time, the capacity to produce both types of schizonts was preserved. The reproduction of cystozoites of S. aucheniae in tissue culture was confirmed using the Giemsa stain and the fluorescence microscopy and immunoperoxidase test, both of them, using antibodies anti S. aucheniae produced in rabbit.

Cistozoitos obtenidos a partir de macroquistes de Sarcocystis aucheniae presentes en carne de alpacas con sarcocistiosis fueron inoculados en cultivo primario de células de cornete nasal de feto de alpaca (CNA) y en líneas de células establecidas de riñón de bovino (BHK) y de mono (VERO). Los cistozoitos ingresaron a todas las células, transformándose en grandes y pequeños esquizontes multinucleares o en estadios como quistes, produciendo gran cantidad de merozoitos, todos de posición perinuclear. Cultivos continuos a partir del inóculo original de cistozoitos fueron mantenidos por más de 150 días por subcultivo de cistozoitos sobre nuevos cultivos de células CNA, BHK y VERO. Durante este tiempo, se mantuvo la capacidad de producir ambos tipos de esquizontes. Se confirmó la reproducción de los cistozoitos por tinción Giemsa y mediante inmunofluorescencia e inmunoperoxidas...

The objective of the present study was to monitor the detection of the Epizootic Hematopoietic Necrosis virus (EHNv) in trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in fish farms of the highlands of Peru. Samples were taken from 111 diseased fish (liver, spleen, anterior kidney) from fish farms in the regions of Ancash, Junín and Huancavelica, Peru. The tissue samples were processed immediately for bacterial isolation and another group of samples were stored at -196 °C for PCR. The DNA of each tissue was extracted by the Trizol method and then purified with silica membranes (PureLink Genomic DNA kit). The PCR was performed using the MCP-1 primers specific for the EHNv, following the methodology proposed by the OIE and with the commercial kit VetPCRTM EHNV Detection for confirmation. Bacterial isolation was carried out by culturing on TSA and Anacker- Ordal agar (Cytophaga agar) of each tissue, and the...

The objective of the present study was to monitor the detection of the Epizootic Hematopoietic Necrosis virus (EHNv) in trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in fish farms of the highlands of Peru. Samples were taken from 111 diseased fish (liver, spleen, anterior kidney) from fish farms in the regions of Ancash, Junín and Huancavelica, Peru. The tissue samples were processed immediately for bacterial isolation and another group of samples were stored at -196 °C for PCR. The DNA of each tissue was extracted by the Trizol method and then purified with silica membranes (PureLink Genomic DNA kit). The PCR was performed using the MCP-1 primers specific for the EHNv, following the methodology proposed by the OIE and with the commercial kit VetPCRTM EHNV Detection for confirmation. Bacterial isolation was carried out by culturing on TSA and Anacker- Ordal agar (Cytophaga agar) of each tissue, and the...

The etiopathogenesis of acute pneumonia, the second most important cause of mortality among Peruvian neonatal alpacas, is still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize gross and histopathology lesions, as well as to identify viruses [parainfluenza type 3 (PI-3) and bovine respiratory syncytial (BRS)] by direct immunofluorescence test, and isolate bacteria [Pasteurella multocida (PM) and Mannheimia haemolytica (MH)] from 24 fatal acute pneumonia cases of 7-39 days-old neonates. At necropsy the gross lesions corresponded to moderate purulent focal bronchopneumonia or severe necrotic purulent fibrinous (n=13), and moderate to severe pulmonary congestion and edema (n=11). Histopathological analysis revealed: acute, severe, and diffuse necrotizing, fibrinous, suppurative bronchopneumonia (n=3), acute mild to moderate and focally diffuse suppurative bronchopneumonia ...

The objective of the present study was to study the cytoarchitectural structure of the cervical and thoracic segments of thymus in alpaca (Lama pacos) fetuses. For this purpose, 10 fetuses between 40-190 days of gestation were collected form the local slaughterhouse. At day 40, the developing thymus has acinar cytoarchitectural morphology, infiltrated by a few lymphoid cells surrounded by mesenchymal cells. At day 60, the cervical segment looks like a «follicular» lymphoid, densely populated by thymocytes, whereas the thoracic region has a cystic appearance with short trabecular projections. Cortex and medulla differentiation starts in the posterior cervical and thoracic segments by day 100 and in the anterior cervical segments by day 130, and is well established by day 165. The thymic capsule remained as a double cellular layer of lax connective tissue. Subcapsular and trabecular bloo...

Antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and antigen of BVDV wereevaluated in serum samples from cattle aged 10 to 23 months (n = 148) from a dairy herdwhere the disease eradication has been carrying out since 2002. The herd is located inSanta Rita, Arequipa, Perú, and samples were collected twice on a 30-day interval.Antibodies against BVDV and BVDV antigen were analyzed by viral neutralization andcapture ELISA tests respectively. Neutralising antibodies against BVDV were detected in6.8% (10/148) of animals, and most reactors were 19 to 23 months of age. The antibodytiter ranged from 8 to >256. None persistently infected (PI) animals were found. Theincidence of infection and seroconversion in the second set of samples was nill. Theseresults suggested that the antibodies against the BVD corresponded to residual antibodiesfrom previous infections. In addition, the results...

The objetive of this study was to determine the prevalence of brucelosis in goats at the province of Barranca, Lima (districts of Paramonga, Pativilca, Barranca and Supe). The Rose Bengal agglutination test was used in 392 female goats older than 3 months that were not vaccinated against brucellosis. No positive samples were found posibly due to the effective programme of control and eradication carried out since 1997 by the Ministry of Health and SENASA (Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria).

The prevalence of infectious agents associated with reproductive failures in Zebu and crossbred cattle (n=268), older than six months of age, from the IVITA Research Center herd in Pucallpa, Peru, was determined. Serum samples were collected for the detection of antibodies against Brucella sp., Leptospira serovares: canicola, icterohemorrhagiae, pomona and hardjo, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV-1) and Neospora caninum by a commercial indirect ELISA, microglutination, viral neutralization and indirect immunofluorescence tests, respectively. No antibodies were detected against Brucella sp., L. pomona and BVDV. The 46.3 ± 6.0% of the animals had antibodies against BHV-1. The highest seroprevalence of BHV-1 (63.2%) was found in cows older than 18 months. Antibody titres against BHV-1 varied from 2 till >256. The 52.2% of the animals had antibodies aga...

The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of respiratory viruses in the alpaca population of Canchis province, Cusco. Viral neutralization tests, utilizing secondary cellular cultures of bovine origin and cytopathic virus, were used to detect neutralizing antibodies against PI-3, BHV1, and BRSV in a total of 345 serum samples from 31 small farms. All the farms had seroreactive animals for BRSV and PI-3, but only one animal was seroreactive to BHV1. The seroprevalence against BRSV and PI-3 was 80.2 ± 7.0% (101/126) and 67.5 ± 4.9% (233/345) respectively. The results suggest that these animals have been exposed to respiratory viruses were undergoing active viral replication at the time of sampling.

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies against avian Paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) in backyard turkeys (n=388) in four provinces of Lima, Peru (Lima, Huaral, Huaura, and Barranca). Blood samples were collected from August to December 2008 and analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition test. The resulting seroprevalence was 3.9% as 15/388 turkeys showed antibody titers consistent with a viral challenge of APMV-1. The highest frequency of positive samples (10/15) was observed in the province of Lima, whereas none sample was positive in the Barranca province. It is concluded that backyard turkeys in three provinces of Lima were exposed to some strains of PMVA-l, constituting a reservoir of virus.