The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp in meat and cecum of broilers sold in three illegal abattoirs in Lima, Peru. For this purpose, 90 broilers were selected, collecting 60 samples of body carcasses by the rinse method and 30 samples of cecum. The samples were cultured in mCCDA agar at 42 °C for 48 h under microaerophilic atmosphere, and biochemical tests were used to identify thermotolerant Campylobacter species. The results showed that 16.7% of carcasses were positive, where 60% were C. jejuni and 40% C. coli. In cecum samples, 26.7% were positive to Campylobacter spp, where 72.7% were C. jejuni and 27.2% C. coli.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis) in the diet of broiler breeders on the productive performance of their progeny. The study included 720 male Cobb Vantres 500 chicks where half of them originated from breeders fed with a diet containing 5% Sacha inchi oil and the other half fed with a diet containing conventional fat. Nine replicates per group were used in the study. Body weight, food intake, mortality, feed conversion index (FCI), European productive efficiency index (PEI),and level of active and passive humoral immunity were evaluated. At 42 days of age, the inclusion of Sacha inchi oil in the diet showed a positive but not significant effect on productive performance, but a significant increase in the level of maternal antibodies against Newcastle disease (p<0.05) and a slight increase of maternal antibodies against Gumboro an...

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la adición del aceite de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) en la dieta de reproductoras pesadas sobre los parámetros productivos de su progenie. Se utilizaron 720 pollos machos de la línea Cobb Vantress 500 procedentes de reproductoras alimentadas con una dieta conteniendo 5% de aceite de Sacha inchi (n=360) o con una dieta con grasa convencional (n=360). Se usaron nueve repeticiones por grupo. Se evaluó el peso corporal, consumo de alimento, mortalidad, índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA), índice de eficiencia productiva europeo (IEP) y nivel de inmunidad humoral activa y pasiva. A los 42 días de edad, la inclusión de aceite de Sacha inchi en la dieta mostró un efecto positivo pero no significativo, en el comportamiento productivo de la progenie, e incrementó el nivel de inmunidad pasiva contra el virus de la enfermedad de ...

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp in meat and cecum of broilers sold in three illegal abattoirs in Lima, Peru. For this purpose, 90 broilers were selected, collecting 60 samples of body carcasses by the rinse method and 30 samples of cecum. The samples were cultured in mCCDA agar at 42 °C for 48 h under microaerophilic atmosphere, and biochemical tests were used to identify thermotolerant Campylobacter species. The results showed that 16.7% of carcasses were positive, where 60% were C. jejuni and 40% C. coli. In cecum samples, 26.7% were positive to Campylobacter spp, where 72.7% were C. jejuni and 27.2% C. coli.

The presence of enteric pathogens was assessed in 60 young alpacas (1 to 2.5 months old) raised in Pasco and Junin, Peru that died due to diarrhea. Stool samples were collected to determine the frequency of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp by conventional microbiology, gastrointestinal parasites by the sedimentation and flotation techniques, and Cryptosporidium sp by the modified Ziehl Neelsen technique. Besides, the presence of viral antigens using an immunochromatography commercial kit. The results showed the presence of E. coli (80%), coronavirus (53.3%), Eimeria sp (43.3%), Nematodirus sp (40%), rotavirus (36.6%), Criptosporidium sp (20%) and Salmonella sp (18.3%). Moreover, it was determined that 38.3% of the animals presented the three types of pathogens, while 23.3% had association of bacteria and parasites, and 11.7% showed association of virus and bacteria.

The aim of this study was to determine if chicken meat stalls are sources of contamination with shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in Lima, Peru. Swabs from the surfaces of hands, cutting boards and sale tables of 50 chicken meat stalls in a large market in the district of San Juan de Miraflores, Lima, Peru were taken (n=150 samples). Standard microbiological isolation and molecular identification of stx1, stx2 and eaeA genes by PCR was performed. Results showed that 42% (63/150) and 25.3% (38/150) of samples were positive for E. coli and STEC respectively. Besides, 84% (42/50) and 66% (33/50) of chicken meat stalls had at least one contaminated surface with E. coli and STEC respectively. Also, 68.3% (43/63) of strains of E. coli isolated were pathogenic for presenting at least one of the evaluated genes. There were 38 STEC strains and presented stx1 (19.0%, 12/63), stx2 (14.3%, 9/63...

Se evaluó la presencia de enteropatógenos en 60 crías de alpacas de 1 a 2.5 meses de edad con cuadros mortales de diarrea de las regiones de Pasco y Junín, Perú. Se tomaron muestras de heces para determinar la frecuencia de Escherichia coli y Salmonella sp mediante microbiología convencional, de parásitos gastrointestinales por las técnicas de sedimentación y flotación, y de Criptosporidium sp mediante la técnica de Ziehl Neelsen Modificado. Además, se evidenció la presencia de antígenos virales con la ayuda de un kit comercial de inmunocromatografía. Se identificó E. coli (80%), coronavirus (53.3%), Eimeria sp (43.3%), Nematodirus sp (40%), rotavirus (36.6%), Criptosporidium sp (20%) y Salmonella sp (18.3%). Asimismo, se determinó que el 38.3% de los animales presentó los tres tipos de patógenos, mientras que el 23.3% presentó asociación de bacterias y parásitos, y...

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar si los puestos de venta de carne de pollo son una fuente de contaminación con Escherichia coli shigatoxigénica (STEC) en mercados de abastos. Se tomaron hisopados de la superficie de manos, tablas de picar y mesas de expendio de 50 puestos de expendio de carne de pollo en el distrito de San Juan de Miraflores, Lima, Perú (n=150 muestras). Se realizó aislamiento microbiológico estándar e identificación molecular de los genes stx1, stx2 y eaeA mediante PCR. El 42% (63/150) y 25.3% (38/150) de las muestras fueron positivas a E. coli y STEC, respectivamente. El 84% (42/50) y 66% (33/50) de los puestos de venta poseían al menos una de las superficies contaminadas con E. coli y STEC, respectivamente. El 68.3% (43/63) de las cepas de E. coli aisladas fueron patógenas por presentar al menos un gen evaluado. De estas, 38 cepas fueron STEC y...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of faecal contamination in three vegetables of major raw consumption that are sold in four large wholesale markets in Lima, Peru. A total of 180 samples, 15 lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 15 cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and 15 spinach (Spinacea oleracea) from La Parada, Ramón Castilla, Ceres and Caquetá markets were collected within a year. Samples were processed using the Most Probable Number method for faecal coliform and E. coli Type I (Typical) detection and count, plus the Absence/Presence test for Salmonella. In the study, 18.9% of all vegetables and 22.2% of vegetables from La Parada market had faecal coliform levels higher than those established by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF). In addition, 2.2% vegetables from Caquetá market had high levels of E. coli Type I (Typical), where spi...

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Salmonella spp in broilers from 17 illegal abattoirs in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected from the body surface of carcasses (using the rinsing method) and cloacal swabs in 170 broilers. The isolation and identification of Salmonella spp was done through conventional laboratory methods. Results showed 23.5% of body surface samples and 32.4% of the cloacal swabs were positive to Salmonella spp, without differences between abattoirs where evisceration was or was not carried out. The degree of concordance of the results for both sampling methods was not significant (k = 0.074, k = 0.146), indicating the both types of samples have to be taken to determine possible contaminations of the carcasses by Salmonella spp.

Hot and cold smoked, dry and wet cured, wet-cured and smoked, and dry-cure and smoked techniques for sanitation and detoxification of alpaca meat naturally infected with macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae were evaluated. Eighteen puppies of 4-6 months of age were fed with the infected and treated alpaca meat (100 macrocysts per puppy). Lysates of macrocysts from treated meats were prepared and inoculated into 18 rabbits (100 μ/kg of body weight, subcutaneously). Furthermore, lysates were boiled (100º C for 10 min) and inoculated into 8 rabbits. Only dogs of the positive control group and the wet cured group eliminated sporocysts after 15 days of ingestion. None of the treatments were able to detoxify alpaca meat infected and rabbits died within 12-27 h post- inoculation of lysates. The heat treatment denatured macrocysts lysates protein and none of the rabbits die after inoculation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of faecal contamination in three vegetables of major raw consumption that are sold in four large wholesale markets in Lima, Peru. A total of 180 samples, 15 lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 15 cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and 15 spinach (Spinacea oleracea) from La Parada, Ramón Castilla, Ceres and Caquetá markets were collected within a year. Samples were processed using the Most Probable Number method for faecal coliform and E. coli Type I (Typical) detection and count, plus the Absence/Presence test for Salmonella. In the study, 18.9% of all vegetables and 22.2% of vegetables from La Parada market had faecal coliform levels higher than those established by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF). In addition, 2.2% vegetables from Caquetá market had high levels of E. coli Type I (Typical), where spi...

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Salmonella spp in broilers from 17 illegal abattoirs in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected from the body surface of carcasses (using the rinsing method) and cloacal swabs in 170 broilers. The isolation and identification of Salmonella spp was done through conventional laboratory methods. Results showed 23.5% of body surface samples and 32.4% of the cloacal swabs were positive to Salmonella spp, without differences between abattoirs where evisceration was or was not carried out. The degree of concordance of the results for both sampling methods was not significant (k = 0.074, k = 0.146), indicating the both types of samples have to be taken to determine possible contaminations of the carcasses by Salmonella spp.

Se evaluó la capacidad de sanear y eliminar la toxicidad de la carne de alpaca (Vicugna pacos) naturalmente infectada con macroquistes de Sarcocystis aucheniae a través de ahumado en caliente, ahumado en frío, curado húmedo, curado seco, curado húmedo y ahumado, y curado seco y ahumado. Se utilizaron 18 perros de 4-6 meses de edad que consumieron carne (100 macroquistes por animal) previamente tratada con uno de los métodos bajo evaluación. Se prepararon lisados a partir de macroquistes provenientes de carnes tratadas y se inocularon en 18 conejos (100 ìg/kg de peso vivo en forma subcutánea). Asimismo, lisados de macroquistes se sometieron a tratamiento térmico de ebullición (100º C por 10 min) y se inocularon en 8 conejos. Solamente los perros del grupo control y del tratamiento de curado húmedo eliminaron esporoquistes el día 15 post-ingestión. Ninguno de los métodos ev...

Procedures were evaluated for the rapid and efficient purification of oocysts and esporocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae (Sa) from the small intestine of experimentally infected dogs with 400 Sa macrocysts obtained from meat of naturally infected alpacas. The mucosa of the small intestine was removed. Samples were washed by centrifugation with PBS, homogenized and centrifuged. Large quantities of oocysts attached to the intestinal microvilli were obtained. In the first procedure, an ezimatic treatment with 5% tripsin was used resulting in 50% oocyst separation. In the second procedure samples were treated with 2.6% sodium hypoclorite solution achieving 80% separation. In the third procedure, samples were centrifuged with a discontinuous density gradient of potassium bromide rendering 99% oocyst separation. The later procedure allowed obtaining relevant quantities of purified Sa oocysts and...

Physical and chemical methods of home use techniques for sanitation and detoxification of alpaca meat infected with macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae were evaluated. The physical treatments were boiling and baking at 80 °C for 5 minutes and freezing for 10, 15 and 20 days; and the chemical treatments were salting for 15 and 30 days, and marinated for 24 hours. Dogs were fed with bouts of treated alpaca meat containing 180-200 macrocysts and the presence of oocysts were analyzed in faeces for 18 days. Besides, macrocysts lisates were injected to rabbits to evaluate the detoxifying effect of treatments on the protein content of the macrocysts. Only the physical treatments proved to be effective in sanitizing alpaca infected meat, whereas the toxin biological activity could not be altered.

Procedures were evaluated for the rapid and efficient purification of oocysts and esporocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae (Sa) from the small intestine of experimentally infected dogs with 400 Sa macrocysts obtained from meat of naturally infected alpacas. The mucosa of the small intestine was removed. Samples were washed by centrifugation with PBS, homogenized and centrifuged. Large quantities of oocysts attached to the intestinal microvilli were obtained. In the first procedure, an ezimatic treatment with 5% tripsin was used resulting in 50% oocyst separation. In the second procedure samples were treated with 2.6% sodium hypoclorite solution achieving 80% separation. In the third procedure, samples were centrifuged with a discontinuous density gradient of potassium bromide rendering 99% oocyst separation. The later procedure allowed obtaining relevant quantities of purified Sa oocysts and...

Physical and chemical methods of home use techniques for sanitation and detoxification of alpaca meat infected with macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae were evaluated. The physical treatments were boiling and baking at 80 °C for 5 minutes and freezing for 10, 15 and 20 days; and the chemical treatments were salting for 15 and 30 days, and marinated for 24 hours. Dogs were fed with bouts of treated alpaca meat containing 180-200 macrocysts and the presence of oocysts were analyzed in faeces for 18 days. Besides, macrocysts lisates were injected to rabbits to evaluate the detoxifying effect of treatments on the protein content of the macrocysts. Only the physical treatments proved to be effective in sanitizing alpaca infected meat, whereas the toxin biological activity could not be altered.

The aim of this study was to analyze the possible presence of Trichinella spiralis in non-technified pig farms of Lima, Peru. Samples of blood and diaphragm muscle from 185 pigs were collected from two slaughterhouses. Muscles samples were evaluated using the trichinoscopy and blood samples by the use of an indirect ELISA commercial kit to detect the presence of antibodies against T. spiralis. All samples were negative to both tests. The Monte Carlo simulation (@ Risk) showed that the probability of finding T. spiralis in Lima was 0.53%.

The aim of this study was to determine the presence ofListeria monocytogenes in pig carcasses in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected from the the surface of 88 carcasses in a slaughterhouse. Samples were enriched with BLEB medium and PALCAM broth. The pathogen was identified using the in situ hybridization molecular technique. The 13.9 ± 6.1% of carcasses were positive to L. monocytogenes, possibly due to deficiencies in the application and control of good manufacturing practices and standard sanitary operations in the slaughterhouse.