The effect of ketoprofen, an antiprostaglandin substance that inhibits the enzyme ciclooxigenase, on the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) was evaluated in 10, male Jersey calves, of 1-2 months of age. Calves were born at sea level and exposed during 3 days to an environmental hypoxia of 3,320 m of high altitude. A group of 5 animals received destiled water as placebo (Control group), and other group received ketoprofen in dose of 3 mg/kg body weight for 5 consecutive days while at sea level (Treated group). The mPAP was measured by cardiac cateterism at sea level and 3 days after arriving to the high altitude. The mean values of mPAP (mm Hg) at sea level were: Control group 19.00 ± 0.94 and Treated group 21.00 ± 3.39; whereas at the high altitude were: Control group 39.50 ± 6.00 and Treated group 31.25 ± 5.70, and without significant differences. When data of the two groups we...

Se estudió el efecto del ketoprofeno, un antiprostaglandínico bloqueador de la enzima ciclooxigenasa, sobre la presión arterial pulmonar media (PAPm) en 10 terneros Jersey machos, de 1 a 2 meses de edad, nacidos a nivel del mar y expuestos durante 3 días a una hipoxia ambiental de 3,320 m de altitud. Los terneros se distribuyeron en un grupo de 5 animales que recibió placebo (grupo control) y un grupo que recibió ketoprofeno en dosis de 3 mg/kg de peso vivo, por 5 días consecutivos, durante su estadía a nivel del mar (grupo tratado). La PAPm se determinó mediante la técnica de cateterismo cardiaco a nivel del mar y al tercer día de su estadía en la altura. Los valores promedio de la PAPm (mm Hg) a nivel del mar fueron de 19.00 ± 0.94 para el Grupo control y 21.00 ± 3.39 para el Grupo tratado, y en la altura de 39.50 ± 6.00 para el Grupo control y 31.25 ± 5.70 para el Grup...

The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with the presentation of obesity in dogs treated at the Small Animal Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos during 2017. In total, 89 dogs were included in the study. Sex, breed and body condition was recorded. Likewise, age, physical activity, neutering (yes/no) and type of diet were obtained through a survey applied to dog owners. The estimated body condition allowed the dogs to be classified between obese and non-obese. The average age was 7.7 years (0-16 years), with 50.6% (n=45) being female. Besides, 47.2% (n=42) were neutered and 28.1% (n=25) were crossbreds. Results showed that 46.1% (n=41) consumed balanced food as part of their diet and 74.2% (n=66) carried out regular physical activity. A total of 60.7% (n=54) were considered obese. Significant associations with ...

The objective of the study was to evaluate the timing of adding glycerol during thecooling process on sperm quality of canine semen. Fifteen ejaculates from 4 mature dogswere used. Each sample was divided in aliquots and three methods of adding glycerolwere used (T1: at the beginning; T2; at the beginning and at the end; T3: at the end of thecooling process). Semen samples were packed in 0.5 ml straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen.The post-thawing progressive motility and the functional integrity of membrane wereevaluated. None statistical difference was observed due to the three treatments, indicatingthat the process of cryopreservation can be simplified by adding all the glycerol at thebeginning of the cooling curve.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del momento de adición del glicerol durante el proceso de enfriamiento sobre la calidad espermática del semen canino. Se utilizaron 15 eyaculados de 4 perros adultos. Cada muestra de semen fue dividida en alícuotas para someterlas a tres métodos de adición de glicerol (T1: al inicio; T2: al inicio y final; T3: al final de la curva de enfriamiento). El semen se envasó en pajillas de 0.5 ml y se congeló en nitrógeno líquido. Se evaluó la motilidad progresiva y la integridad funcional de membrana posdescongelamiento. No se encontró diferencia estadística entre los tres métodos de adición del glicerol, pudiéndose simplificar el proceso de criopreservación al añadir todo el glicerol al inicio de la curva de enfriamiento.

The aim of this study was to immunolocalize the distribution of producer enteroendocrine cells of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) on the epithelial intestine of alpacas. A total of 36 young (0-45 days old) and adult alpacas were used and distributed in seven age groups. The intestinal samples were processed by immunohistochemistry using an anti-GLP-1 monoclonal antibody. Positive cells were counted in 15 crypt-villus axis of each intestinal portion in each animal. In the group of newborns, the jejunum was the portion containing more L-cells, while other groups are in the jejunum and ileum. Regarding location, the duodenum showed a sustained increase of L-cells from day 8. The largest number of L cells in the jejunum and ileum occurred in the age groups of 0 and 8-45 days of age, respectively, while in the cecum and colon was observed in the group of adult animals. It is concluded that L-ce...

The aim of the present study was to compare levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure in canines. A total of 60 dogs were used (30 were lean and 30 were overweight). The animals were patients from the Clinic of Small Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National University of San Marcos and were free of heart diseases. Blood samples were collected and processed by photocolorimetry in a chemical analyzer and the blood pressure measurement was done with a digital blood pressure monitor. The results showed hypertriglyceridemia in 16.7% of the overweight group, while 46.7% of the lean group and 90% of the overweight group showed hypercholesterolemia. In addition, 20 and 50% of the lean and overweight group respectively had high blood pressure values. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the overweight group (p<0.05), whereas there...

The purpose of this study was to determine the type and frequency of aggressiveness directed to the human, and to identify the situations in which they occur. A survey was conducted on 405 owners of patients of the Small Animal Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, San Marcos University. All animals were without apparent neurological alterations. Results indicated that 27.2% of dogs showed some sort of aggressiveness, mainly light and medium intensity; where the dominant type was the most frequent (50.0%). The dominant, territorial and predatory aggressiveness was statistically associated with sex of the animal (p<0.05), as well as the intensity of the dominant aggressiveness (p<0.05), where males were more aggressive. The most frequent situation where dominant aggressiveness was manifested occurred when getting closer or trying to touch the dog while was eating or holding ...

El presente trabajo tuvo por finalidad conocer el tipo y frecuencia de agresividad del perro hacia el humano, así como las situaciones o contexto que las producen. Se encuestó a 405 propietarios de pacientes caninos, sin alteraciones neurológicas aparentes, de la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. Se determinó que el 27.2% de los perros mostraron algún tipo de agresividad, mayormente de tipo leve y media, siendo la de tipo dominante la más frecuente (50.0%). Se encontró una asociación entre los tipos de agresividad dominante, territorial y predatoria con el sexo del perro (p<0.05), así como entre la intensidad de la agresividad dominante con el sexo (p<0.05), donde los machos fueron más agresivos. La situación más frecuente donde se produce la agresividad dominante fue al acercarse o ...

The aim of this study was to immunolocalize the distribution of producer enteroendocrine cells of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) on the epithelial intestine of alpacas. A total of 36 young (0-45 days old) and adult alpacas were used and distributed in seven age groups. The intestinal samples were processed by immunohistochemistry using an anti-GLP-1 monoclonal antibody. Positive cells were counted in 15 crypt-villus axis of each intestinal portion in each animal. In the group of newborns, the jejunum was the portion containing more L-cells, while other groups are in the jejunum and ileum. Regarding location, the duodenum showed a sustained increase of L-cells from day 8. The largest number of L cells in the jejunum and ileum occurred in the age groups of 0 and 8-45 days of age, respectively, while in the cecum and colon was observed in the group of adult animals. It is concluded that L-ce...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los niveles de colesterol, triglicéridos y presión arterial en caninos. Se trabajó con 60 caninos, de los cuales 30 eran delgados y 30 tenían sobrepeso. Los animales eran pacientes de la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y eran libres de enfermedades cardiacas. Las muestras de sangre colectadas fueron procesadas mediante fotocolorimetría en un analizador químico y la medida de la presión arterial se hizo con un tensiómetro digital. Los resultados demostraron una hipertrigliceridemia en el 16.7% del grupo sobrepeso, mientras que el 46.7% del grupo delgado y el 90% del grupo sobrepeso mostraron hipercolesterolemia. El 20 y 50% de los canes del grupo delgado y sobrepeso, respectivamente, registraron valores de hipertensión arterial. Los niveles de triglicé...

Failures in the absorptive process of monosaccharides during the early postnatal phase at intestinal level, through SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 glucose transporters could lead to animal death. The objective of this study was to determine the hexose transporters SGLT- 1 and GLUT-2 distribution in the gut and its relation with blood glucose levels in baby alpacas. A total of 36 alpacas between 1 to 45 days of age were used. Blood glucose level was determined by enzymatic test and the presence of transporters by immunohistochemistry, using rabbit policlonal antibody anti SGLT-1 and anti GLUT-2. The intensity of the dial (0: no dial, 1; mild dial; 2: strong dial) was evaluated in the axis villus-crypt. The results showed mostly mild dial (degree 1) from the day of birth for the two transporters towards strong (degree 2) by week 2, especially at the jejunum. In addition, SGLT-1 had a greater degree of ...

The study aimed to determine the relationship between body weight, oxyhemoglobin saturation and right ventricle/total ventricle ratio (VD/VT) in two commercial broiler lines raised at sea level. It was used 75 chicken males of Ross line (R) and 50 of Cobb Vantress line (CV). The birds were weighed on days 1, 10, 20, 30, and 40 of age. The oxyhemoglobin saturation was measured, and then, after slaughtering, the ventricle right/total ventricle ratio (VD/VT) in 25 R and 15 CV chicks on days 20, 30 and 40 was calculated. Additionally, the conversion feed index was calculated. The VD/VT ratio for CV was 0.195 ± 0.12, 0.199 ± 0.013 and 0.188 ± 0.032, and in R was 0.205 ± 0.016, 0.179 ± 0.022 and 0.245 ± 0.042 on days 20, 30 and 40 respectively, with statistical difference between lines (p<0.05). The oxyhemoglobin saturation varied between 92.06 and 95.75% without statistical differenc...

Fallas en los procesos absortivos de monosacáridos a nivel intestinal en la etapa postnatal temprana, a través de transportadores de glucosa SGLT-1 y GLUT-2, pueden conducir a la muerte del animal. El presente estudio se planteó con el objetivo de identificar la distribución de transportadores de hexosas SGLT-1 y GLUT-2 en el eje cripta-vellosidad de la mucosa del intestino y su relación con los niveles de glucemia en crías de alpacas. Se utilizaron 36 animales de 1 a 45 días de edad. La glucemia se determinó por análisis enzimático y la presencia de transportadores mediante inmunohistoquímica, para lo cual se usó anticuerpos policlonales de conejo anti SGLT- 1 y anti GLUT-2. La intensidad de la marcación (0: sin marcación; 1: marcación leve; 2: marcación fuerte) se observó en el eje cripta-vellosidad. Los resultados muestran una marcación generalmente leve (grado 1) de...

The study aimed to determine the relationship between body weight, oxyhemoglobin saturation and right ventricle/total ventricle ratio (VD/VT) in two commercial broiler lines raised at sea level. It was used 75 chicken males of Ross line (R) and 50 of Cobb Vantress line (CV). The birds were weighed on days 1, 10, 20, 30, and 40 of age. The oxyhemoglobin saturation was measured, and then, after slaughtering, the ventricle right/total ventricle ratio (VD/VT) in 25 R and 15 CV chicks on days 20, 30 and 40 was calculated. Additionally, the conversion feed index was calculated. The VD/VT ratio for CV was 0.195 ± 0.12, 0.199 ± 0.013 and 0.188 ± 0.032, and in R was 0.205 ± 0.016, 0.179 ± 0.022 and 0.245 ± 0.042 on days 20, 30 and 40 respectively, with statistical difference between lines (p<0.05). The oxyhemoglobin saturation varied between 92.06 and 95.75% without statistical differenc...

The objective of this study was to determine the pH in the luminal mucosa of the gastric compartments and intestinal segments during the first 45 postnatal days of age in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Thirty three alpacas from birth to 45 days of age were distributed in seven age groups. The animals proceeded from the Puno and Cusco departments of Peru. The pH was measured using a 826 pH mobile meter with a special flat electrode for membranes. Animals were slaughtered and the gastrointestinal tract was divided in 13 segments. An 8-cm length opening was done in each segment and pH was directly measured over the mucosa. The pH of compartments 1, 2 and 3 (segment abomasum) was lower at birth (p<0.05), increased during the first week and kept constant until 45 days of age. The pH in the intestinal segments was constant in all age groups, but there was a slight tendency to acidity in the sm...

The postnatal development of the endocrine pancreas was studied in 45 guinea pigs of 1 to 15 days of age. The diameter of the Langerhans’s islets increased from 71.9 ± 13.2 μm at first day of age to 103.3 ± 32.5 μm at 15 days of age, showing a linear increase, but without statistical differences due to age. Similarly, the number of the β cells varied from 99.0 ± 29.7 at first day of age to 127 ± 29 cells at 15 days of age, and without significant differences due to age. The results shows that the endocrine pancreas development of lactating guinea pigs, determined by the diameter of the Langerhans’s islets and β cell number, tend to develop according to the age of the animals.

Se estudió el desarrollo postnatal del páncreas endocrino en 45 cuyes de 1 a 15 días de edad. El diámetro de los islotes de Langerhans aumentó desde 71.9 ± 13.2 μm en el primer día de edad hasta 103.3 ± 32.5 μm a los 15 días de edad, mostrando un incremento lineal, aunque sin diferencia estadística por efecto del día de edad. En forma similar, el número de células β aumentó desde 99.0 ± 29.7 hasta 127 ± 29 células entre el día 1 y el día 15 de edad, sin diferencia estadística por efecto del día de edad. Los resultados señalan que el desarrollo del páncreas endocrino en crías lactantes de cuyes, determinado por el diámetro de los islotes de Langerhans y el número de células β, tiene tendencia a aumentar con la edad de los animales.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el pH de la superficie de la mucosa de los compartimentos estomacales y de los segmentos intestinales en los primeros 45 días de vida postnatal en la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se trabajó con 33 animales, procedentes de los departamentos de Puno y Cusco, desde el nacimiento (recién nacido - RN) hasta los 45 días de edad. Los animales fueron distribuidos en siete grupos etarios. El pH se determinó con un pH metro Metrohm 826 mobile con electrodo plano especial para membranas. Los animales fueron sacrificados y el tracto gastrointestinal fue delimitado en 13 porciones. En cada porción se hizo una apertura de 8 cm para determinar el pH de forma directa sobre la mucosa. El pH en los compartimentos 1, 2 y 3 porción abomaso fue menor en los RN (p<0.05), se incrementó en la primera semana de edad y se mantuvo constante hasta los 45 días de edad. E...

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of serum potassium and electrocardiographic parameters in young alpacas. Thirty alpacas (17 males and 13 females) from 1 to 60 days of age from various alpaca farms in Maranganí, Cusco were used. The levels of serum potassium was 5.91 ± 1.48 mmol/L and without statistical differences between sexes. The electrocardiographic values were: P wave time, 0.04 ± 0.0s; P wave amplitude, 0.173 ± 0.058 mV; PQ time, 0.101 ± 0.02 s; QRS time, 0.038 ± 0.006 s; QRS complex, 0.557 ± 0.412 mV; QT time, 0.237 ± 0.040 s; T wave amplitude, 0.413 ± 0.266 mV. Moreover, animals with increased T wave had potassium values above 5.5 mmol/L but without signs of heart disease. In addition, values of serum potassium and electrocardiographic paramters showed similarity to the values of other species.