Failures in the absorptive process of monosaccharides during the early postnatal phase at intestinal level, through SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 glucose transporters could lead to animal death. The objective of this study was to determine the hexose transporters SGLT- 1 and GLUT-2 distribution in the gut and its relation with blood glucose levels in baby alpacas. A total of 36 alpacas between 1 to 45 days of age were used. Blood glucose level was determined by enzymatic test and the presence of transporters by immunohistochemistry, using rabbit policlonal antibody anti SGLT-1 and anti GLUT-2. The intensity of the dial (0: no dial, 1; mild dial; 2: strong dial) was evaluated in the axis villus-crypt. The results showed mostly mild dial (degree 1) from the day of birth for the two transporters towards strong (degree 2) by week 2, especially at the jejunum. In addition, SGLT-1 had a greater degree of ...

The aim of this study was to determine the postnatal development of Islets of Langerhans (IL) in alpacas of 0 to 45 days of age. The animals were divided in nine age groups with range of five days. The mumber of IL varied from 3.03 to 4.46 in 10x fields (with an ocular of 10x), the IL diameter varied from 67.89 to 72.55 μm, the number of β cells in the IL from 23.79 to 47.08 and other cells from 18.15 to 39.93. Moreover, the insulin receptor and the transport protein GLUT-2 were observed by immunohistochemistry on the first day of life. It is concluded that the number and size of IL increased with age (p<0.05) while β cells do not show the same trend.

El objetivo del estudio fue relacionar los valores bioquímicos séricos fetales y maternales durante los tres tercios de gestación de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se utilizaron 24 alpacas gestantes y sus respectivos fetos para determinar los niveles de glucosa (G), triglicéridos (T), colesterol (C), proteína total (PT), albúmina (A), calcio (Cl), bilirrubina total (BT), bilirrubina directa (BD) y fosfatasa alcalina (FA). El número de animales para el primer, segundo y tercer tercio de la gestación fue de 6, 7 y 11, respectivamente. Las correlaciones materno-fetal fueron de G: 0.81, C: 0.70, T: 0.85, PT: 0.38, A: 0.38, FA: 0.29, Cl: 0.01, BT: 0.15 y BD: -0.05. Los valores bioquímicos séricos siempre fueron significativamente diferentes (a partir de p<0.05) en el último tercio de gestación tanto en fetos como en las madres. Se concluye que los parámetros bioquímicos se increm...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las alteraciones que ocurren en los parámetros bioquímicos sanguíneos en crías de alpaca que cursan con diarrea infecciosa. Se utilizaron 80 animales de las regiones Pasco y Junín, Perú. Los animales fueron distribuidos de acuerdo a su edad: menores de 1 mes de edad (10 controles y 40 enfermos) y 1-2 meses de edad (10 controles y 20 enfermos). La diarrea clínica tenía 2-3 días de presentación en el momento de la toma de muestras. Se hicieron determinaciones de glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol, proteína total, albúmina, calcio, bilirrubina total, bilirrubina directa y fosfatasa alcalina. Los parámetros bioquímicos, excepto glucosa, cambiaron significativamente en los animales enfermos con respecto a los controles. En los animales enfermos los niveles de proteína total, albúmina y calcio disminuyeron significativamente (p&l...

The postnatal development of the endocrine pancreas was studied in 45 guinea pigs of 1 to 15 days of age. The diameter of the Langerhans’s islets increased from 71.9 ± 13.2 μm at first day of age to 103.3 ± 32.5 μm at 15 days of age, showing a linear increase, but without statistical differences due to age. Similarly, the number of the β cells varied from 99.0 ± 29.7 at first day of age to 127 ± 29 cells at 15 days of age, and without significant differences due to age. The results shows that the endocrine pancreas development of lactating guinea pigs, determined by the diameter of the Langerhans’s islets and β cell number, tend to develop according to the age of the animals.

Se estudió el desarrollo postnatal del páncreas endocrino en 45 cuyes de 1 a 15 días de edad. El diámetro de los islotes de Langerhans aumentó desde 71.9 ± 13.2 μm en el primer día de edad hasta 103.3 ± 32.5 μm a los 15 días de edad, mostrando un incremento lineal, aunque sin diferencia estadística por efecto del día de edad. En forma similar, el número de células β aumentó desde 99.0 ± 29.7 hasta 127 ± 29 células entre el día 1 y el día 15 de edad, sin diferencia estadística por efecto del día de edad. Los resultados señalan que el desarrollo del páncreas endocrino en crías lactantes de cuyes, determinado por el diámetro de los islotes de Langerhans y el número de células β, tiene tendencia a aumentar con la edad de los animales.

Fallas en los procesos absortivos de monosacáridos a nivel intestinal en la etapa postnatal temprana, a través de transportadores de glucosa SGLT-1 y GLUT-2, pueden conducir a la muerte del animal. El presente estudio se planteó con el objetivo de identificar la distribución de transportadores de hexosas SGLT-1 y GLUT-2 en el eje cripta-vellosidad de la mucosa del intestino y su relación con los niveles de glucemia en crías de alpacas. Se utilizaron 36 animales de 1 a 45 días de edad. La glucemia se determinó por análisis enzimático y la presencia de transportadores mediante inmunohistoquímica, para lo cual se usó anticuerpos policlonales de conejo anti SGLT- 1 y anti GLUT-2. La intensidad de la marcación (0: sin marcación; 1: marcación leve; 2: marcación fuerte) se observó en el eje cripta-vellosidad. Los resultados muestran una marcación generalmente leve (grado 1) de...

The aim of this study was to determine the postnatal development of Islets of Langerhans (IL) in alpacas of 0 to 45 days of age. The animals were divided in nine age groups with range of five days. The mumber of IL varied from 3.03 to 4.46 in 10x fields (with an ocular of 10x), the IL diameter varied from 67.89 to 72.55 μm, the number of β cells in the IL from 23.79 to 47.08 and other cells from 18.15 to 39.93. Moreover, the insulin receptor and the transport protein GLUT-2 were observed by immunohistochemistry on the first day of life. It is concluded that the number and size of IL increased with age (p<0.05) while β cells do not show the same trend.

El objetivo del estudio fue relacionar los valores bioquímicos séricos fetales y maternales durante los tres tercios de gestación de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se utilizaron 24 alpacas gestantes y sus respectivos fetos para determinar los niveles de glucosa (G), triglicéridos (T), colesterol (C), proteína total (PT), albúmina (A), calcio (Cl), bilirrubina total (BT), bilirrubina directa (BD) y fosfatasa alcalina (FA). El número de animales para el primer, segundo y tercer tercio de la gestación fue de 6, 7 y 11, respectivamente. Las correlaciones materno-fetal fueron de G: 0.81, C: 0.70, T: 0.85, PT: 0.38, A: 0.38, FA: 0.29, Cl: 0.01, BT: 0.15 y BD: -0.05. Los valores bioquímicos séricos siempre fueron significativamente diferentes (a partir de p<0.05) en el último tercio de gestación tanto en fetos como en las madres. Se concluye que los parámetros bioquímicos se increm...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las alteraciones que ocurren en los parámetros bioquímicos sanguíneos en crías de alpaca que cursan con diarrea infecciosa. Se utilizaron 80 animales de las regiones Pasco y Junín, Perú. Los animales fueron distribuidos de acuerdo a su edad: menores de 1 mes de edad (10 controles y 40 enfermos) y 1-2 meses de edad (10 controles y 20 enfermos). La diarrea clínica tenía 2-3 días de presentación en el momento de la toma de muestras. Se hicieron determinaciones de glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol, proteína total, albúmina, calcio, bilirrubina total, bilirrubina directa y fosfatasa alcalina. Los parámetros bioquímicos, excepto glucosa, cambiaron significativamente en los animales enfermos con respecto a los controles. En los animales enfermos los niveles de proteína total, albúmina y calcio disminuyeron significativamente (p&l...

El objetivo del estudio fue relacionar los valores bioquímicos séricos fetales y maternales durante los tres tercios de gestación de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se utilizaron 24 alpacas gestantes y sus respectivos fetos para determinar los niveles de glucosa (G), triglicéridos (T), colesterol (C), proteína total (PT), albúmina (A), calcio (Cl), bilirrubina total (BT), bilirrubina directa (BD) y fosfatasa alcalina (FA). El número de animales para el primer, segundo y tercer tercio de la gestación fue de 6, 7 y 11, respectivamente. Las correlaciones materno-fetal fueron de G: 0.81, C: 0.70, T: 0.85, PT: 0.38, A: 0.38, FA: 0.29, Cl: 0.01, BT: 0.15 y BD: -0.05. Los valores bioquímicos séricos siempre fueron significativamente diferentes (a partir de p<0.05) en el último tercio de gestación tanto en fetos como en las madres. Se concluye que los parámetros bioquímicos se increment...

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of a teacher training program implemented by the Ministry of Education called Pedagogical Accompaniment on school performance and its main determinants. Using non-experimental impact evaluation techniques, measurements are made exploiting the test results of the Census Student Assessment of 2013. The results provide evidence of positive and statistically significant impacts. However, the size of these impacts is relatively moderate. Several hypotheses could explain the effect size. These are discussed in the paper. On the other hand, having a bachelor's degree instead of a pedagogical degree and multigrade experience favors significantly the positive results of the intervention.

The aim of this study was to immunolocalize the distribution of producer enteroendocrine cells of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) on the epithelial intestine of alpacas. A total of 36 young (0-45 days old) and adult alpacas were used and distributed in seven age groups. The intestinal samples were processed by immunohistochemistry using an anti-GLP-1 monoclonal antibody. Positive cells were counted in 15 crypt-villus axis of each intestinal portion in each animal. In the group of newborns, the jejunum was the portion containing more L-cells, while other groups are in the jejunum and ileum. Regarding location, the duodenum showed a sustained increase of L-cells from day 8. The largest number of L cells in the jejunum and ileum occurred in the age groups of 0 and 8-45 days of age, respectively, while in the cecum and colon was observed in the group of adult animals. It is concluded that L-ce...

The aim of this study was to immunolocalize the distribution of producer enteroendocrine cells of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) on the epithelial intestine of alpacas. A total of 36 young (0-45 days old) and adult alpacas were used and distributed in seven age groups. The intestinal samples were processed by immunohistochemistry using an anti-GLP-1 monoclonal antibody. Positive cells were counted in 15 crypt-villus axis of each intestinal portion in each animal. In the group of newborns, the jejunum was the portion containing more L-cells, while other groups are in the jejunum and ileum. Regarding location, the duodenum showed a sustained increase of L-cells from day 8. The largest number of L cells in the jejunum and ileum occurred in the age groups of 0 and 8-45 days of age, respectively, while in the cecum and colon was observed in the group of adult animals. It is concluded that L-ce...

The study aimed to determine the relationship between body weight, oxyhemoglobin saturation and right ventricle/total ventricle ratio (VD/VT) in two commercial broiler lines raised at sea level. It was used 75 chicken males of Ross line (R) and 50 of Cobb Vantress line (CV). The birds were weighed on days 1, 10, 20, 30, and 40 of age. The oxyhemoglobin saturation was measured, and then, after slaughtering, the ventricle right/total ventricle ratio (VD/VT) in 25 R and 15 CV chicks on days 20, 30 and 40 was calculated. Additionally, the conversion feed index was calculated. The VD/VT ratio for CV was 0.195 ± 0.12, 0.199 ± 0.013 and 0.188 ± 0.032, and in R was 0.205 ± 0.016, 0.179 ± 0.022 and 0.245 ± 0.042 on days 20, 30 and 40 respectively, with statistical difference between lines (p<0.05). The oxyhemoglobin saturation varied between 92.06 and 95.75% without statistical differenc...

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the biochemical characteristics of fresh and thawed seminal plasma of alpacas. Semen was collected by electroejaculation from four adult males, once a week per four weeks. Semen was centrifuged and the seminal plasma was separated. One part was analysed fresh and other stored for one month on liquid nitrogen and then thawed and analysed. Levels of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, ALT and -GT were determined. Only the triglycerides significantly decreased due to the process of freeze/thawed, where the values were 44.12 ± 7.38 and 27.31 ± 4.65 mg/dl in fresh and thawed respectively

The study aimed to determine the relationship between body weight, oxyhemoglobin saturation and right ventricle/total ventricle ratio (VD/VT) in two commercial broiler lines raised at sea level. It was used 75 chicken males of Ross line (R) and 50 of Cobb Vantress line (CV). The birds were weighed on days 1, 10, 20, 30, and 40 of age. The oxyhemoglobin saturation was measured, and then, after slaughtering, the ventricle right/total ventricle ratio (VD/VT) in 25 R and 15 CV chicks on days 20, 30 and 40 was calculated. Additionally, the conversion feed index was calculated. The VD/VT ratio for CV was 0.195 ± 0.12, 0.199 ± 0.013 and 0.188 ± 0.032, and in R was 0.205 ± 0.016, 0.179 ± 0.022 and 0.245 ± 0.042 on days 20, 30 and 40 respectively, with statistical difference between lines (p<0.05). The oxyhemoglobin saturation varied between 92.06 and 95.75% without statistical differenc...

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the biochemical characteristics of fresh and thawed seminal plasma of alpacas. Semen was collected by electroejaculation from four adult males, once a week per four weeks. Semen was centrifuged and the seminal plasma was separated. One part was analysed fresh and other stored for one month on liquid nitrogen and then thawed and analysed. Levels of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, ALT and -GT were determined. Only the triglycerides significantly decreased due to the process of freeze/thawed, where the values were 44.12 ± 7.38 and 27.31 ± 4.65 mg/dl in fresh and thawed respectively

The objective of this study was to determine the pH in the luminal mucosa of the gastric compartments and intestinal segments during the first 45 postnatal days of age in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Thirty three alpacas from birth to 45 days of age were distributed in seven age groups. The animals proceeded from the Puno and Cusco departments of Peru. The pH was measured using a 826 pH mobile meter with a special flat electrode for membranes. Animals were slaughtered and the gastrointestinal tract was divided in 13 segments. An 8-cm length opening was done in each segment and pH was directly measured over the mucosa. The pH of compartments 1, 2 and 3 (segment abomasum) was lower at birth (p<0.05), increased during the first week and kept constant until 45 days of age. The pH in the intestinal segments was constant in all age groups, but there was a slight tendency to acidity in the sm...

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el pH de la superficie de la mucosa de los compartimentos estomacales y de los segmentos intestinales en los primeros 45 días de vida postnatal en la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se trabajó con 33 animales, procedentes de los departamentos de Puno y Cusco, desde el nacimiento (recién nacido - RN) hasta los 45 días de edad. Los animales fueron distribuidos en siete grupos etarios. El pH se determinó con un pH metro Metrohm 826 mobile con electrodo plano especial para membranas. Los animales fueron sacrificados y el tracto gastrointestinal fue delimitado en 13 porciones. En cada porción se hizo una apertura de 8 cm para determinar el pH de forma directa sobre la mucosa. El pH en los compartimentos 1, 2 y 3 porción abomaso fue menor en los RN (p<0.05), se incrementó en la primera semana de edad y se mantuvo constante hasta los 45 días de edad. E...