Hot and cold smoked, dry and wet cured, wet-cured and smoked, and dry-cure and smoked techniques for sanitation and detoxification of alpaca meat naturally infected with macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae were evaluated. Eighteen puppies of 4-6 months of age were fed with the infected and treated alpaca meat (100 macrocysts per puppy). Lysates of macrocysts from treated meats were prepared and inoculated into 18 rabbits (100 μ/kg of body weight, subcutaneously). Furthermore, lysates were boiled (100º C for 10 min) and inoculated into 8 rabbits. Only dogs of the positive control group and the wet cured group eliminated sporocysts after 15 days of ingestion. None of the treatments were able to detoxify alpaca meat infected and rabbits died within 12-27 h post- inoculation of lysates. The heat treatment denatured macrocysts lysates protein and none of the rabbits die after inoculation.

Se evaluó la capacidad de sanear y eliminar la toxicidad de la carne de alpaca (Vicugna pacos) naturalmente infectada con macroquistes de Sarcocystis aucheniae a través de ahumado en caliente, ahumado en frío, curado húmedo, curado seco, curado húmedo y ahumado, y curado seco y ahumado. Se utilizaron 18 perros de 4-6 meses de edad que consumieron carne (100 macroquistes por animal) previamente tratada con uno de los métodos bajo evaluación. Se prepararon lisados a partir de macroquistes provenientes de carnes tratadas y se inocularon en 18 conejos (100 ìg/kg de peso vivo en forma subcutánea). Asimismo, lisados de macroquistes se sometieron a tratamiento térmico de ebullición (100º C por 10 min) y se inocularon en 8 conejos. Solamente los perros del grupo control y del tratamiento de curado húmedo eliminaron esporoquistes el día 15 post-ingestión. Ninguno de los métodos ev...

The sanitation and disinfecting of lama meat naturally infected with macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae through any of four chemical methods (marinated, smoked, dry cured and wet cured) was evaluated. In addition, a positive control group (non-treated meat) was included. A lisis of macrocysts from treated and non-treated meats was prepared and inoculated into 30 rabbits (100 μg/kg of body weigh, subcutaneously). Rabbits of the humid cured and positive control groups showed clinical signs of toxicity and died within 8-12 hours post-inoculation. Furthermore, 12 puppies of 4-6 months of age were fed with the infected lama meat (150-200 macrocysts per puppy) previously treated with one of the chemical methods under evaluation (one group was kept as a positive control one). Solely dogs of the positive control group eliminated sporocysts after 14 days of ingestion. The results showed that ma...

Se evaluó la capacidad de sanear y detoxificar la carne de llama con macroquistes de Sarcocystis aucheniae a través de los métodos químicos de marinado, ahumado, curado seco y curado húmedo. Además, se incluyó un grupo control positivo (carne sin tratar). Se preparó un lisado a partir de macroquistes provenientes de carnes tratadas y no tratadas, que fue inoculado en 30 conejos (100 μg/kg de peso vivo en forma subcutánea). Los conejos del grupo curado húmedo y control positivo presentaron signos clínicos de toxicidad llegando a morir entre las 8 y 12 horas de la inoculación. Así mismo, 12 perros de 4-6 meses de edad recibieron la carne (150-200 macroquistes por animal) previamente tratada con uno de los métodos químicos bajo evaluación (un grupo de canes quedó como control positivo). Solamente los perros del grupo control eliminaron esporoquistes a partir del día 14 po...

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp in meat and cecum of broilers sold in three illegal abattoirs in Lima, Peru. For this purpose, 90 broilers were selected, collecting 60 samples of body carcasses by the rinse method and 30 samples of cecum. The samples were cultured in mCCDA agar at 42 °C for 48 h under microaerophilic atmosphere, and biochemical tests were used to identify thermotolerant Campylobacter species. The results showed that 16.7% of carcasses were positive, where 60% were C. jejuni and 40% C. coli. In cecum samples, 26.7% were positive to Campylobacter spp, where 72.7% were C. jejuni and 27.2% C. coli.

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp in meat and cecum of broilers sold in three illegal abattoirs in Lima, Peru. For this purpose, 90 broilers were selected, collecting 60 samples of body carcasses by the rinse method and 30 samples of cecum. The samples were cultured in mCCDA agar at 42 °C for 48 h under microaerophilic atmosphere, and biochemical tests were used to identify thermotolerant Campylobacter species. The results showed that 16.7% of carcasses were positive, where 60% were C. jejuni and 40% C. coli. In cecum samples, 26.7% were positive to Campylobacter spp, where 72.7% were C. jejuni and 27.2% C. coli.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of faecal contamination in three vegetables of major raw consumption that are sold in four large wholesale markets in Lima, Peru. A total of 180 samples, 15 lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 15 cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and 15 spinach (Spinacea oleracea) from La Parada, Ramón Castilla, Ceres and Caquetá markets were collected within a year. Samples were processed using the Most Probable Number method for faecal coliform and E. coli Type I (Typical) detection and count, plus the Absence/Presence test for Salmonella. In the study, 18.9% of all vegetables and 22.2% of vegetables from La Parada market had faecal coliform levels higher than those established by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF). In addition, 2.2% vegetables from Caquetá market had high levels of E. coli Type I (Typical), where spi...

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Salmonella spp in broilers from 17 illegal abattoirs in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected from the body surface of carcasses (using the rinsing method) and cloacal swabs in 170 broilers. The isolation and identification of Salmonella spp was done through conventional laboratory methods. Results showed 23.5% of body surface samples and 32.4% of the cloacal swabs were positive to Salmonella spp, without differences between abattoirs where evisceration was or was not carried out. The degree of concordance of the results for both sampling methods was not significant (k = 0.074, k = 0.146), indicating the both types of samples have to be taken to determine possible contaminations of the carcasses by Salmonella spp.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of faecal contamination in three vegetables of major raw consumption that are sold in four large wholesale markets in Lima, Peru. A total of 180 samples, 15 lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 15 cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and 15 spinach (Spinacea oleracea) from La Parada, Ramón Castilla, Ceres and Caquetá markets were collected within a year. Samples were processed using the Most Probable Number method for faecal coliform and E. coli Type I (Typical) detection and count, plus the Absence/Presence test for Salmonella. In the study, 18.9% of all vegetables and 22.2% of vegetables from La Parada market had faecal coliform levels higher than those established by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF). In addition, 2.2% vegetables from Caquetá market had high levels of E. coli Type I (Typical), where spi...

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Salmonella spp in broilers from 17 illegal abattoirs in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected from the body surface of carcasses (using the rinsing method) and cloacal swabs in 170 broilers. The isolation and identification of Salmonella spp was done through conventional laboratory methods. Results showed 23.5% of body surface samples and 32.4% of the cloacal swabs were positive to Salmonella spp, without differences between abattoirs where evisceration was or was not carried out. The degree of concordance of the results for both sampling methods was not significant (k = 0.074, k = 0.146), indicating the both types of samples have to be taken to determine possible contaminations of the carcasses by Salmonella spp.

The aim of the study was the sanitation and disinfecting llama meat naturally infected with macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae through any of four physical methods: boiling (100 ºC for 10 min), baking (105 ºC for 65 min), frying and freezing (-20 ºC for 10 days). A lisis of macrocysts from treated and non-treated meats was prepared and inoculated (100 μg/kg of body weight, subcutaneously).into 30 rabbits of 4-5 months of age. Only rabbits of the positive control group (non-treated meat) died. Rabbits of the frozen meat group showed moderate toxicity signs. Furthermore, 13 puppies (2-5 months of age) were fed with 200 g of treated or non-treated infected llama meat. Puppies of meat-treated groups did not eliminate sporocysts in the feces as compared to puppies of the non-treated meat that had sporocysts after 14 days of the feeding. It can be concluded that boiling, baking, and fryin...

Physical and chemical methods of home use techniques for sanitation and detoxification of alpaca meat infected with macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae were evaluated. The physical treatments were boiling and baking at 80 °C for 5 minutes and freezing for 10, 15 and 20 days; and the chemical treatments were salting for 15 and 30 days, and marinated for 24 hours. Dogs were fed with bouts of treated alpaca meat containing 180-200 macrocysts and the presence of oocysts were analyzed in faeces for 18 days. Besides, macrocysts lisates were injected to rabbits to evaluate the detoxifying effect of treatments on the protein content of the macrocysts. Only the physical treatments proved to be effective in sanitizing alpaca infected meat, whereas the toxin biological activity could not be altered.

Con el objetivo de sanear y detoxificar la carne de llama infectada con Sarcocystis aucheniae se evaluó el efecto de los métodos físicos de cocción (100 ºC por 10 min), horneado (105 ºC por 65 min), fritura y congelado (-20 ºC por 10 días). La inactivación de la toxicidad de la proteína sarcocystina se evaluó en 30 conejos de 4-5 meses de edad que fueron inoculados s.c. con 100 μg de proteína/kg de peso vivo, obtenida de un lisado de macroquistes de S. aucheniae proveniente de carnes tratadas con cada método físico y de carne sin tratar. Únicamente los conejos del control positivo (carne sin tratar) murieron. Los conejos del grupo de carne congelada presentaron sintomatología tóxica moderada. La interrupción del ciclo biológico del S. aucheniae se evaluó en 13 perros de 2-5 meses de edad que fueron alimentados con 200 g de carne de llama tratada o sin tratar. Los per...

Physical and chemical methods of home use techniques for sanitation and detoxification of alpaca meat infected with macrocysts of Sarcocystis aucheniae were evaluated. The physical treatments were boiling and baking at 80 °C for 5 minutes and freezing for 10, 15 and 20 days; and the chemical treatments were salting for 15 and 30 days, and marinated for 24 hours. Dogs were fed with bouts of treated alpaca meat containing 180-200 macrocysts and the presence of oocysts were analyzed in faeces for 18 days. Besides, macrocysts lisates were injected to rabbits to evaluate the detoxifying effect of treatments on the protein content of the macrocysts. Only the physical treatments proved to be effective in sanitizing alpaca infected meat, whereas the toxin biological activity could not be altered.

Electrical stimulation is a technique that may reduce the lenght of maturity, rigor mortis and acidity of meat, as well as improving sensory characteristics. The objetive of the study was to show that the electrical stimulation has a significant effect on the quality of alpaca meat such as tenderness, juiceness, flavor, odor and sanitary condition. Twelve female alpacas from 4 to 5 year old and 50-60 kg of body weight were used. They were slaughtered and electrically stimulated 60 minutes later using electrodes on muscular tissue. All half carcasses were stimulated with 500 v per 60 s (T1), 500 v per 30 s (T2), 600 v per 60 s (T3), and 600 v per 30 s (T4). All other half carcasses were kept without electrically stimulation. The results indicated that the electrical stimulation had a significant effect (p=0.00) on the pH alpaca meat reducing microbial growth 24 h after stimulation (p=0.00...

The aim of this study was to determine the profile of antibiotic resistance of isolated Salmonella enterica strains during the slaughtering process of pigs in a slaughterhouse in Lima. Strains of Salmonella enterica (n=148) isolated from stool samples and mesenteric ganglia of pigs were used. The evaluation of antibiotic resistance was performed by the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Thirteen antibiotics of frequent use in human medicine were considered, of which most of them are also used in pigs as prophylactic and growth promoters. All strains showed resistance to tetracycline and all showed sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Likewise, all strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue demostrar que la estimulación eléctrica tiene un efecto significativo sobre la calidad de la carne de la alpaca en los aspectos de terneza, jugosidad, sabor y olor; y que además influye en la capacidad de su conservación. Se utilizó 12 alpacas hembras adultas de 4-4.5 años de edad y 50-60 kg p.v. Las canales fueron estimuladas eléctricamente a los 60 minutos del sacrificio, usando electrodos colocados en el tejido muscular. A cada media canal tratada se le estimuló con 500 voltios por 60 (T1) ó 30 segundos (T2), y con 600 voltios por 60 (T3) ó 30 segundos (T4); dejando sin estimulación eléctrica a las medias canales control. El tratamiento tuvo un efecto significativo (p=0.00) sobre el pH de la carne tratada, produciendo un menor crecimiento microbiano a las 24 horas post estimulación (p=0.004), especialmente en el tratamiento T2. En las ...

The aim of this study was to determine the profile of antibiotic resistance of isolated Salmonella enterica strains during the slaughtering process of pigs in a slaughterhouse in Lima. Strains of Salmonella enterica (n=148) isolated from stool samples and mesenteric ganglia of pigs were used. The evaluation of antibiotic resistance was performed by the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Thirteen antibiotics of frequent use in human medicine were considered, of which most of them are also used in pigs as prophylactic and growth promoters. All strains showed resistance to tetracycline and all showed sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Likewise, all strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic.

The aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary characterization of the fishing marketing chain and identify the points of microbiological contamination from landing to sale, in the port of Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Artisanal fishing ends with the landing of wooden boats with motor. The fish are washed in the river water, as well as plastic material and tubs within 150 m of the riverbank. The fish are transferred covered with crushed ice, plastic layers and rice husk. The facilities for sale are made of wood. There are no programs to disinfect or sanitize the area and solid waste is disposed of in a nearby sector. Work clothing is not used by fishermen, but some primary marketers use it. The physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the normal ranges, but the presence of coliforms, E. coli and Pseudomona sp at high levels was detected. In fish, mesophiles were above th...

The aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary characterization of the fishing marketing chain and identify the points of microbiological contamination from landing to sale, in the port of Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Artisanal fishing ends with the landing of wooden boats with motor. The fish are washed in the river water, as well as plastic material and tubs within 150 m of the riverbank. The fish are transferred covered with crushed ice, plastic layers and rice husk. The facilities for sale are made of wood. There are no programs to disinfect or sanitize the area and solid waste is disposed of in a nearby sector. Work clothing is not used by fishermen, but some primary marketers use it. The physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the normal ranges, but the presence of coliforms, E. coli and Pseudomona sp at high levels was detected. In fish, mesophiles were above th...