This study evaluated the protection conferred by a vaccine against Gumboro disease in laying hens. Three hundred Isa Brown one-day-old chicks were equally distributed in three groups. Groups A and B were vaccinated, twice, at 9 and 24 days old with an intermediate-intermediate strain (2512), and group C remained unvaccinated. Groups B and C were challenged at 32 days old with the F52/70 strain through the eye. Bursal index, bursa/spleen relationship and microscopic lesions of the bursa, spleen and thymus after vaccination were evaluated at 1, 35 and 45 days old. Antibody titers by an indirect ELISA study but not in birds of groups A and B. The bursal index values in the three groups were compatible with bursal atrophy. Histopathological lesions were severe in the three groups. At 45 days of age, birds of group C had the major seroconvertion (3997), while groups A and B presented similar ...

The study evaluated the presence of the Newcastle disease virus in the Albufera de Medio Mundo lagoon, situated north of Lima. The lagoon is inhabited for various wild migrant bird species. Three sampling periods were conducted of six weeks each, colleting 900 fresh fecal samples from 11 species. Samples were inoculated in specific-pathogen free (SPF) embryonated eggs of 10 days of age for isolation of the virus. The hemagglutinant activity of the allantoic fluid showed negative results in all samples. The estimated prevalence calculated through a beta simulation was 0.1% with a distribution between 0.002 and 0.4%. The prevalence was too low for considering these birds as a possible source of infection toward domestic birds.

A total of 180 serum samples collected in the period of April to September, 2004 from 12 broiler breeder flocks and commercial layers older than 50 weeks of age from ten poultry farms were tested for the presence of Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) antibodies using a commercial ELISA test. Only 3 samples were positive to antibodies against REV; however, the optical densities of the 3 positive samples were higher than the negative controls but below to the positive controls. ELISA serologic testing is not definitive and, therefore, it can be concluded that the 12 flocks were negative to REV antibodies. On the other hand, further studies, such as isolation and identification of the virus, are required to achieve a definitive diagnosis.

A targeted surveillance method was applied for the early detection of the Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in the wild birds of the Puerto Viejo’s wetlands in Cañete, Lima, Peru. Twelve 16-week-old domestic ducks of the Muscovy variety (Cairina moschata) were used as sentinels. The ducks, with negative serology and virus isolation to AIV and Newcastle disease, were introduced to the surrounding areas of the wetlands for 70 days during the 2006 winter in order to interact with the resident wild birds. A preliminary identification of the wild bird species present during the study period was done and the interaction degree between both bird populations was subjectively determined. Health status of sentinel birds was assessed by regular clinical examinations as well as cloacal swab and blood samplings, both for virus isolation and for the detection of antibodies against the AIV by the agar gel...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of avian influenza (AI) virus in backyard domestic ducks in the provinces of Huaral and Huaura (Lima, Peru). Six-hundred cloacal swab specimens were collected and analyzed by virus isolation in chick embryo eggs free from specific pathogens (SPF). The presence of the AI virus was determined by the hemagglutinating activity of the allantoic fluid and confirmed by a commercial kit using monoclonal antibodies. All samples analyzed were negative to the AI virus. The risk of the disease was evaluated using the Monte Carlo simulation (@risk program) which determined that the AI virus would show a maximum stochastic prevalence of 0.33% with a 95% confidence interval in the event of the disease. It was concluded that the birds included in the present study were not infected with the AI virus.

This study evaluated the protection conferred by a vaccine against Gumboro disease in laying hens. Three hundred Isa Brown one-day-old chicks were equally distributed in three groups. Groups A and B were vaccinated, twice, at 9 and 24 days old with an intermediate-intermediate strain (2512), and group C remained unvaccinated. Groups B and C were challenged at 32 days old with the F52/70 strain through the eye. Bursal index, bursa/spleen relationship and microscopic lesions of the bursa, spleen and thymus after vaccination were evaluated at 1, 35 and 45 days old. Antibody titers by an indirect ELISA study but not in birds of groups A and B. The bursal index values in the three groups were compatible with bursal atrophy. Histopathological lesions were severe in the three groups. At 45 days of age, birds of group C had the major seroconvertion (3997), while groups A and B presented similar ...

El estudio evaluó la presencia del virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle en la laguna Albufera de Medio Mundo, situada al norte de Lima, y habitada por diversas especies de aves silvestres y migratorias. Se realizaron tres etapas de muestreo, de 6 semanas cada etapa, obteniéndose 900 muestras de heces frescas de 11 especies de aves silvestres. Las muestras se inocularon en huevos embrionados libres de patógenos específicos (SPF) de 10 días de edad para lograr el aislamiento viral. Se evaluó la actividad aglutinante del fluido alantoideo de los huevos embrionados obteniéndose resultados negativos en todas las muestras. Se calculó una prevalencia media de 0.1% y una distribución de 0.002 a 0.4% por medio de la simulación beta. La prevalencia encontrada fue muy baja para considerar a estas aves como una posible fuente de infección hacia las aves domésticas.

A total of 180 serum samples collected in the period of April to September, 2004 from 12 broiler breeder flocks and commercial layers older than 50 weeks of age from ten poultry farms were tested for the presence of Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) antibodies using a commercial ELISA test. Only 3 samples were positive to antibodies against REV; however, the optical densities of the 3 positive samples were higher than the negative controls but below to the positive controls. ELISA serologic testing is not definitive and, therefore, it can be concluded that the 12 flocks were negative to REV antibodies. On the other hand, further studies, such as isolation and identification of the virus, are required to achieve a definitive diagnosis.

A targeted surveillance method was applied for the early detection of the Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in the wild birds of the Puerto Viejo’s wetlands in Cañete, Lima, Peru. Twelve 16-week-old domestic ducks of the Muscovy variety (Cairina moschata) were used as sentinels. The ducks, with negative serology and virus isolation to AIV and Newcastle disease, were introduced to the surrounding areas of the wetlands for 70 days during the 2006 winter in order to interact with the resident wild birds. A preliminary identification of the wild bird species present during the study period was done and the interaction degree between both bird populations was subjectively determined. Health status of sentinel birds was assessed by regular clinical examinations as well as cloacal swab and blood samplings, both for virus isolation and for the detection of antibodies against the AIV by the agar gel...

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la presencia del virus de influenza aviar (IA) en patos domésticos de crianza familiar en las provincias de Huaral y Huaura (Lima, Perú). Se colectaron 600 muestras de hisopado cloacal de patos domésticos de traspatio, que fueron analizadas mediante aislamiento viral en huevos embrionados de pollo libres de patógenos específicos (SPF). La presencia del virus de IA fue determinada por la actividad hemaglutinante del fluido alantoideo y confirmada mediante un kit comercial que utiliza anticuerpos monoclonales. Todas las muestras analizadas fueron negativas al virus de IA. El riego de infección fue evaluado mediante la simulación de Monte Carlo (programa @risk) determinando que el virus de IA mostraría una prevalencia estocástica máxima de 0.33% con un intervalo de confianza de 95% en caso de presentarse la enfermedad. Se concluye que las aves i...

A total of 360 serum samples from eighteen flocks of broiler and layer breeders in phase of production were used in order to detect the presence of Laryngotracheitis virus (VLT) antibodies using a commercial ELISA test. The poultry farms were located in the region of Lima and in the northern coast of Peru. Samples were collected from July 2004 till September 2005 and were processed as a group. Eight samples out of 360 in 6 flocks were positive to antibodies against VLT. Due to the small number of positives and the low level of antibodies was concluded than the 18 breeder flocks did not show serological evidence of exposition to VLT.

Un total de 360 muestras de sueros de reproductoras de carne y postura procedentes de 18 lotes de aves, en etapa de producción, fueron examinadas con el fin de detectar la presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la laringotraqueitis infecciosa aviar (VLT) mediante una prueba de ELISA indirecta. Las granjas de aves estaban localizadas en la región de Lima y en la costa norte del Perú. Los sueros se colectaron entre julio de 2004 y septiembre de 2005 y fueron analizados en conjunto. Ocho de 360 sueros fueron positivos a anticuerpos contra el VLT. Teniendo en cuenta que las muestras positivas procedían de seis lotes de reproductoras y la baja positividad en estos lotes, se concluye que los 18 lotes de reproductoras analizados no mostraron evidencia serológica de exposición al VLT.

The objective of the study was to detect the presence of avian influenza (AI) virus in wild aquatic birds found in Puerto Viejo wetlands, Lima-Peru. Fresh faecal samples (n=900) from 18 species of wild birds were collected from April 2008 to February 2009. Samples were analyzed by virus isolation in SPF embryonated chicken eggs. Seven strains of low pathogenicity AI viruses subtype H12N5 were isolated; six from the migratory species Arenaria interpres, and one from the resident species Fulica ardesiaca. The technique of risk assessment using Monte Carlo Simulation (program @ risk) indicated that the probability of finding the AI virus in wild birds from Puerto Viejo wetlands was 0.88% with a confidence interval of 0.15 to 2.53%. The results of the study showed that wild birds from Puerto Viejo wetlands constitute a reservoir for avian influenza virus in Peru.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la presencia del virus de influenza aviar (IA) en aves silvestres presentes en los Humedales de Puerto Viejo, en el departamento de Lima. Novecientas muestras de heces frescas de 18 especies de aves silvestres fueron colectadas desde abril de 2008 hasta febrero de 2009. Dichas muestras se analizaron mediante aislamiento viral en huevos embrionados de pollo SPF. Se logró aislar siete cepas de virus de IA de baja patogenicidad del subtipo H12N5 (seis cepas procedentes de la especie migratoria Arenaria interpres y una de la especie residente Fulica ardesiaca). La técnica de evaluación de riesgo mediante la simulación de Monte Carlo (programa @risk) indicó que la probabilidad de encontrar el virus de Influenza A en las aves silvestres de los Humedales de Puerto Viejo es de 0.88% con un intervalo de confianza de 0.15 a 2.53%. Los resultados demuestr...

The aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary characterization of the fishing marketing chain and identify the points of microbiological contamination from landing to sale, in the port of Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Artisanal fishing ends with the landing of wooden boats with motor. The fish are washed in the river water, as well as plastic material and tubs within 150 m of the riverbank. The fish are transferred covered with crushed ice, plastic layers and rice husk. The facilities for sale are made of wood. There are no programs to disinfect or sanitize the area and solid waste is disposed of in a nearby sector. Work clothing is not used by fishermen, but some primary marketers use it. The physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the normal ranges, but the presence of coliforms, E. coli and Pseudomona sp at high levels was detected. In fish, mesophiles were above th...

The aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary characterization of the fishing marketing chain and identify the points of microbiological contamination from landing to sale, in the port of Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Artisanal fishing ends with the landing of wooden boats with motor. The fish are washed in the river water, as well as plastic material and tubs within 150 m of the riverbank. The fish are transferred covered with crushed ice, plastic layers and rice husk. The facilities for sale are made of wood. There are no programs to disinfect or sanitize the area and solid waste is disposed of in a nearby sector. Work clothing is not used by fishermen, but some primary marketers use it. The physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the normal ranges, but the presence of coliforms, E. coli and Pseudomona sp at high levels was detected. In fish, mesophiles were above th...

The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence ofLeptospira spp in two sheep farms in Puno, Peru. Blood samples (n=100) were collectedfrom March to May 2006 at the ILLPA Experminental Research Farm of INIA and theAsiruni farm. The samples were processed using the microscopic agglutinationserological test. The total prevalence was 57%, without differences between farms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oil of oregano (Origanum vulgare) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 in chicken meat. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution method in wells and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) to determine the survival of bacteria exposed to different concentrations of essential oil. In addition, the ability of oregano essential oil to inhibit the growth of S. aureus in chicken fillets was evaluated. A MIC of 0.5% and a CMB of 4% were obtained. Concentrations ≥1% of oregano essential oil significantly (p<0.05) reduced S. aureus counts in chicken meat at levels directly related to the applied concentration. The results showed that oregano oil has an antimicrobial effect against S. aureus ATCC 25923.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de los manano-oligosacáridos (MOS)sobre la ganancia de peso vivo, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) durante la fase de engorde. Se distribuyeron 75 cuyes machos de 28 ±3 días de edad en tres tratamientos aplicados como aditivos a una dieta basal: (a) Control(sin aditivo), (b) Antibiótico Promotor del Crecimiento (APC) (aditivo Zn-Bacitracina, 0.1g/kg), y (c) MOS ((aditivo manano-oligosacárido, 0.5 g/kg). El periodo de aplicación de tratamientos y observaciones experimentales fue de seis semanas. No se detectaron efectos significativos de los tratamientos sobre ninguna de las variables evaluadas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protection of three immunization programmes against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in broilers using two recombinant commercial vaccines. A total of 288 1-day-old Ross-308-line male birds were distributed in four experimental groups of 72 animals with three replicates of 24 birds per group. Group A was subcutaneously vaccinated at 1 day of age with a commercial recombinant fowlpox virus (FPV)-vectored vaccine expressing ILT virus (ILTV) glycoprotein B gene; Group B was vaccinated at day 14 of age with an inactivated vaccine by subcutaneous route and with the vaccine of Group A but applied via wing-web puncture; Group C was subcutaneously vaccinated at 1 day of age with HVT recombinant commercial vaccine expressing genes encoding for ILTV glycoproteins I and D; and Group D remained unvaccinated. All birds were challenged with ILTV pathogenic s...