Se evaluó el efecto de la vacuna Rev-1 en el control de la brucelosis ovina causado por Brucella ovis en una empresa lanar de la sierra central del Perú. El uso de esta vacuna fue reintroducida en 1996, después de un lapso de 5 años. Al momento de la evaluación, la empresa mantenía el 86.3% de carneros vacunados (3,284/3,804) y el 100% de carnerillos vacunados (n=1,811). La evaluación consistió en exámenes clínicos testiculares a toda la población de reproductores machos (n=5,615) durante la campaña de esquila del año 2000. Paralelamente, se evaluó niveles de infección en 320 muestras sanguíneas (214 de carneros y 106 de carnerillos), detectando anticuerpos específicos para la Brucella ovis mediante la prueba de inmunodifusión en gel de agarosa (AGID). Los exámenes testiculares revelaron prevalencias de lesiones de epididimitis en tasas de 89.4 x 10 mil en la població...

A targeted surveillance method was applied for the early detection of the Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in the wild birds of the Puerto Viejo’s wetlands in Cañete, Lima, Peru. Twelve 16-week-old domestic ducks of the Muscovy variety (Cairina moschata) were used as sentinels. The ducks, with negative serology and virus isolation to AIV and Newcastle disease, were introduced to the surrounding areas of the wetlands for 70 days during the 2006 winter in order to interact with the resident wild birds. A preliminary identification of the wild bird species present during the study period was done and the interaction degree between both bird populations was subjectively determined. Health status of sentinel birds was assessed by regular clinical examinations as well as cloacal swab and blood samplings, both for virus isolation and for the detection of antibodies against the AIV by the agar gel...

The aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary characterization of the fishing marketing chain and identify the points of microbiological contamination from landing to sale, in the port of Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Artisanal fishing ends with the landing of wooden boats with motor. The fish are washed in the river water, as well as plastic material and tubs within 150 m of the riverbank. The fish are transferred covered with crushed ice, plastic layers and rice husk. The facilities for sale are made of wood. There are no programs to disinfect or sanitize the area and solid waste is disposed of in a nearby sector. Work clothing is not used by fishermen, but some primary marketers use it. The physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the normal ranges, but the presence of coliforms, E. coli and Pseudomona sp at high levels was detected. In fish, mesophiles were above th...

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and load of ectoparasites in gills of cachama fry from three semi-intensive farming fish farms in the province of Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, Peru. Sixty fingerlings (35-45 days old) were selected from each of the three fingerling supply establishments (E1, E2 and E3), reared at similar density and feeding conditions. Three fresh gill layer sections were evaluated from both sides, by visual observation with a 2x magnifying glass to detect crustaceans and by direct microscopy at 10x for trematodes and at 40x for protozoa. Four degrees of infestation were considered; null (0 parasites), mild (1-3), moderate (4-7) and severe (>8). It was possible to identify mainly forms compatible with monogeneans of the Dactylogyridae family, compatible with Dactylogyrus spp (41.1%) and protozoa, mostly of the Oodiniaceae family, compatible with Pisci...

The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of infestation by monogeneans of the Dactylogiridae family in gills of tambaqui fry (Colossoma macropomum) raised in cages in an artificial and semi-natural aquatic environment. In total, 120 45-day-old fingerlings were evaluated with an average weight of 3.05 + 0.58 g, and an average total length of 5.23 + 0.51 cm. The fish were distributed in two floating cages (60 fingerlings per cage), the first located in an earthen pond in a semi-intensive breeding farm (artificial environment), and the second in a reservoir (semi-natural environment). Both groups received a similar diet. The qualitative degrees of infestation considered were mild, moderate and severe, according to the number of monogeneans parasites found in the gill sections evaluated by direct microscopy. The fingerlings were free of the parasitic infestation at the beginning ...

A targeted surveillance method was applied for the early detection of the Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in the wild birds of the Puerto Viejo’s wetlands in Cañete, Lima, Peru. Twelve 16-week-old domestic ducks of the Muscovy variety (Cairina moschata) were used as sentinels. The ducks, with negative serology and virus isolation to AIV and Newcastle disease, were introduced to the surrounding areas of the wetlands for 70 days during the 2006 winter in order to interact with the resident wild birds. A preliminary identification of the wild bird species present during the study period was done and the interaction degree between both bird populations was subjectively determined. Health status of sentinel birds was assessed by regular clinical examinations as well as cloacal swab and blood samplings, both for virus isolation and for the detection of antibodies against the AIV by the agar gel...

In 1996, after a 5 year hiatus, the use of the Rev-1 vaccine was reintroduced to control ovine brucellosis (Brucella ovis) in a large sheep company of the central Peruvian Andes, and by the year 2000, 86.3% of the rams (3,284 of 3,804) and 100% of the young males (n=1,811) were vaccinated. During the shearing campaign for year 2000, testicles of the entire male breeding population (n=5,615) were examined manually and 320 blood samples (214 rams and 106 yearlings) were taken for AGID testing to determine the presence of Brucella ovis antibodies. Epididymitis lesions were found in 89.4 x 10,000 of the rams and 38.6 x 10,000 of the yearlings, compared to 817 x 10,000 for rams and 214 x 10,000 for yearlings prior to reintroduction of Rev-1 vaccination. The progressive reduction in epididymitis was directly related to vaccination. The level of infection was found 1,186.4 x 10,000 in 1996 decr...

The aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary characterization of the fishing marketing chain and identify the points of microbiological contamination from landing to sale, in the port of Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Artisanal fishing ends with the landing of wooden boats with motor. The fish are washed in the river water, as well as plastic material and tubs within 150 m of the riverbank. The fish are transferred covered with crushed ice, plastic layers and rice husk. The facilities for sale are made of wood. There are no programs to disinfect or sanitize the area and solid waste is disposed of in a nearby sector. Work clothing is not used by fishermen, but some primary marketers use it. The physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the normal ranges, but the presence of coliforms, E. coli and Pseudomona sp at high levels was detected. In fish, mesophiles were above th...

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and load of ectoparasites in gills of cachama fry from three semi-intensive farming fish farms in the province of Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, Peru. Sixty fingerlings (35-45 days old) were selected from each of the three fingerling supply establishments (E1, E2 and E3), reared at similar density and feeding conditions. Three fresh gill layer sections were evaluated from both sides, by visual observation with a 2x magnifying glass to detect crustaceans and by direct microscopy at 10x for trematodes and at 40x for protozoa. Four degrees of infestation were considered; null (0 parasites), mild (1-3), moderate (4-7) and severe (>8). It was possible to identify mainly forms compatible with monogeneans of the Dactylogyridae family, compatible with Dactylogyrus spp (41.1%) and protozoa, mostly of the Oodiniaceae family, compatible with Pisci...

The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of infestation by monogeneans of the Dactylogiridae family in gills of tambaqui fry (Colossoma macropomum) raised in cages in an artificial and semi-natural aquatic environment. In total, 120 45-day-old fingerlings were evaluated with an average weight of 3.05 + 0.58 g, and an average total length of 5.23 + 0.51 cm. The fish were distributed in two floating cages (60 fingerlings per cage), the first located in an earthen pond in a semi-intensive breeding farm (artificial environment), and the second in a reservoir (semi-natural environment). Both groups received a similar diet. The qualitative degrees of infestation considered were mild, moderate and severe, according to the number of monogeneans parasites found in the gill sections evaluated by direct microscopy. The fingerlings were free of the parasitic infestation at the beginning ...

The aim of the present study was to identify ceratopogonids of the genus Culicoides (Latreille, 1809) involved in the transmission of Orbivirus. The catches were made in two farms located close to Santa Rosa de Lima village, Ucayali, Peru, an area characterized by the presence of shrubs, trees, and wetlands, as well as the breeding of hair sheep, horses and poultry. During three consecutive nights, 7930 specimens of Culicoides spp were captured through five CDC ultraviolet light traps installed next to the flocks. The identification of the Culicoides was done with the support of atlases of photographs of the wing of Neotropical Culicoides and taxonomic keys for each species. Five species were registered within the subgenus Hoffmania (Guttatus and Hylas groups) and another without subgenus classification (Fluvialis group). It was identified 7839 (98.8%) female Culicoides and 91 (1.2%) mal...

The aim of the present study was to identify ceratopogonids of the genus Culicoides (Latreille, 1809) involved in the transmission of Orbivirus. The catches were made in two farms located close to Santa Rosa de Lima village, Ucayali, Peru, an area characterized by the presence of shrubs, trees, and wetlands, as well as the breeding of hair sheep, horses and poultry. During three consecutive nights, 7930 specimens of Culicoides spp were captured through five CDC ultraviolet light traps installed next to the flocks. The identification of the Culicoides was done with the support of atlases of photographs of the wing of Neotropical Culicoides and taxonomic keys for each species. Five species were registered within the subgenus Hoffmania (Guttatus and Hylas groups) and another without subgenus classification (Fluvialis group). It was identified 7839 (98.8%) female Culicoides and 91 (1.2%) mal...

The aim of this study was to determine the pH and the count of mesophiles in black prochilodus (“boquichico”) meat (Prochidolus nigricans), from the markets of the city of Pucallpa, Ucayali. In total, 115 samples of boquichico specimens were collected from the 23 stalls distributed in the 5 markets of the city (5 samples per stall, considering the stall as a lot), through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The processing was carried out by measuring the pH of the meat and the analysis for the count of mesophiles with the SPC method (aerobic plate count). The averages of the pH values in boquichico meat by market were below the neutral value (pH=7.0), but were higher in the samples from markets 3 and 5; likewise, the mesophilic counts in meat exceeded the Maximum Allowable Limits in 4 of the 23 stalls (two from market N° 1, one from market N° 2 and one from market N° 3). It ...

The aim of this study was to determine the pH and the count of mesophiles in black prochilodus (“boquichico”) meat (Prochidolus nigricans), from the markets of the city of Pucallpa, Ucayali. In total, 115 samples of boquichico specimens were collected from the 23 stalls distributed in the 5 markets of the city (5 samples per stall, considering the stall as a lot), through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The processing was carried out by measuring the pH of the meat and the analysis for the count of mesophiles with the SPC method (aerobic plate count). The averages of the pH values in boquichico meat by market were below the neutral value (pH=7.0), but were higher in the samples from markets 3 and 5; likewise, the mesophilic counts in meat exceeded the Maximum Allowable Limits in 4 of the 23 stalls (two from market N° 1, one from market N° 2 and one from market N° 3). It ...

The objective of the study was to characterize the biosecurity measures of the poultry farms located in the province of Coronel Portillo, Ucayali - Peru. Fifty-three farms distributed in the districts of Campo Verde, Yarinacocha, Manantay, Callería and Nueva Requena were evaluated through a survey to the manager of the establishment. The data collected was verified visually and through records. Biosecurity measures were evaluated according to compliance, being 1 = met and 0 = not met. Twenty-nine farms were in a sanitary void, so the data of uniformity of the flocks and the handling of feed were not obtained. Within the seven obligatory biosecurity measures, all the farms had a disinfection program and 98.1% had a disposal system for dead birds; nevertheless, no farm complied with the seven measures, being the biggest problem the lack of human capacity building, where only 15.1% of farm...

El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las medidas de bioseguridad de las granjas avícolas ubicadas en la provincia de Coronel Portillo, Ucayali - Perú. Se evaluaron 53 granjas distribuidas en los distritos de Campo Verde, Yarinacocha, Manantay, Callería y Nueva Requena mediante una encuesta al encargado del establecimiento. Los datos recolectados fueron verificados visualmente y a través de registros. Las medidas de bioseguridad se evaluaron de acuerdo con el cumplimiento, siendo 1 = cumplió y 0 = no cumplió. Veintinueve granjas se encontraban en vacío sanitario, por lo cual no se obtuvieron los datos de uniformidad de los lotes y del manejo de alimento. Dentro de las siete medidas de bioseguridad obligatorias, todas las granjas contaban con un programa de desinfección y el 98.1% con un sistema de disposición de aves muertas; sin embargo, ninguna granja cumplió con las siete...

El objetivo del estúdio fue realizar el recuento de hongos y detectar micotoxinas en insumos y alimento balanceado de granjas porcinas de cuatro distritos de Coronel Portillo, Ucayali. Se recolectaron 50 muestras (35 de alimento de tres etapas de crianza de 20 granjas y 15 de insumos de 10 de estos establecimientos). El recuento de hongos se realizó mediante el método de conteo en placa y la detección de micotoxinas (aflatoxina B1, ocratoxina A y zearalenona) mediante kits comerciales de ELISA. El 50% de establecimientos tuvo al menos una muestra de calidad inaceptable. Asimismo, 6/15 (40%) y 5/35 (14.3%) de las muestras de insumos y alimento, respectivamente, tuvieron calidad inaceptable. El alimento de inicio presentó el mayor promedio en el recuento de hongos (9.6 x 104 UFC/g). Hubo asociación entre calidad y tipo de alimento, pero ninguna entre calidad y procedencia. La mitad d...

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la suplementación de residuo seco de cervecería (orujo) y sales minerales (Fosvimin®) en la producción de leche de vacas cruzadas en la zona de Pucallpa, Perú. Se utilizaron tres grupos de seis vacas en diferente fase de lactación y de diverso grado de cruzamiento, pero con predominancia cebú. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 = pastura naturalizada (PN), T2 = PN + 5 kg de orujo seco de cervecería (Os) y T3 = PN + Os + 100 g/vaca de sal mineral. Los tres grupos de vacas fueron enfrentados a los tres tratamientos por periodos de 10 días, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, donde la producción de leche fue medida entre los días 6 y 10 de cada periodo. Los suplementos de T2 y T3 fueron proporcionados durante el ordeño. El forraje disponible de la pastura naturalizada fue de 2207.6 kg/ha de materia seca. La producción de leche en T1, T2 y ...

The aim of this study was to quantify fungi and mycotoxins in feeds stored in poultry farms. Feed samples were collected from 40 farms located in four districts of the province of Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, Peru. They were analysed through plate count for fungi in feed to determine quality (satisfactory, acceptable or unacceptable) and competitive ELISA test for mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxins, T2 toxin, fumonisin B1 and zearalenone). In the fungal count, 25% (10/40) of farms had unacceptable samples, with a slightly higher frequency from the laying stage (2/4, 50%) and the Campo Verde district (4/10, 40%). The highest averages in the counts were from the laying samples and from the Manantay district, respectively (1.68 x 105 and 1.11 x 105 CFU/g, respectively), but with no association between feed quality by type or origin (p>0.05). Moreover, 60% of the samples had aflatoxin B1...

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la suplementación de residuo seco de cervecería (orujo) y sales minerales (Fosvimin®) en la producción de leche de vacas cruzadas en la zona de Pucallpa, Perú. Se utilizaron tres grupos de seis vacas en diferente fase de lactación y de diverso grado de cruzamiento, pero con predominancia cebú. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 = pastura naturalizada (PN), T2 = PN + 5 kg de orujo seco de cervecería (Os) y T3 = PN + Os + 100 g/vaca de sal mineral. Los tres grupos de vacas fueron enfrentados a los tres tratamientos por periodos de 10 días, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, donde la producción de leche fue medida entre los días 6 y 10 de cada periodo. Los suplementos de T2 y T3 fueron proporcionados durante el ordeño. El forraje disponible de la pastura naturalizada fue de 2207.6 kg/ha de materia seca. La producción de leche en T1, T2 y ...