The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pregnancy on blood pressure and heart rate in female dogs aged 11 months to 9 years, apparently healthy. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in 156 female dogs of various breeds, 124 of which were pregnant. The females were taken to consultation to determine possible pregnancies. Body weight, body condition score, presence of subcutaneous oedema and age of the patient were recorded. Gestation length, number of foetuses and presence of hydrops fetalis were calculated by ultrasound. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured with a SunTech Vet30® monitor. The results showed a significant increase (p=0.013) in HR in pregnant dogs (pregnant: 136 beats/min, non-pregnant: 129 beats/min); however, no variation was found due to the effect of weight, age, number of foetuses, presence/absence of hydrops fetalis and subcutaneous ma...

Clinical records from all patients attended in the Small Animal Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, San Marcos University during the period 2007-2009 were revised with the aim of obtaining statistical information about heart diseases in canines. Out of 13 035 clinical records, 260 cases were diagnosed with heart diseases. The chronic atrioventricular valve disease was the most frequent anomaly (71.9% of total heart diseases). Male had a higher risk for heart disease than females (OR = 1.3). The age groups of 9 to 12 and more than 12 years old had also higher risk than the ones younger than 1 year old (OR = 27.9 and 75.9 respectively) and dogs with equal or lower body weight of 10 kg had the highest risk for heart disease (OR = 2.7). Moreover, the Pekingese breed showed greater predisposition to suffer from heart diseases (18.0% of total heart diseases).

Clinical records from all patients attended in the Small Animal Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, San Marcos University during the period 2007-2009 were revised with the aim of obtaining statistical information about heart diseases in canines. Out of 13 035 clinical records, 260 cases were diagnosed with heart diseases. The chronic atrioventricular valve disease was the most frequent anomaly (71.9% of total heart diseases). Male had a higher risk for heart disease than females (OR = 1.3). The age groups of 9 to 12 and more than 12 years old had also higher risk than the ones younger than 1 year old (OR = 27.9 and 75.9 respectively) and dogs with equal or lower body weight of 10 kg had the highest risk for heart disease (OR = 2.7). Moreover, the Pekingese breed showed greater predisposition to suffer from heart diseases (18.0% of total heart diseases).

The aim of the study was to determine the biochemistry profile of the kidney in the Tumbes crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) reared in captivity in the north of Peru (Tumbes). Blood samples (6 ml) by puncture of the post-occipital venous sinus were collected to 60 males (24 juveniles, 27 sub-adults, and 9 adults). All animals were manually restrained. Values for uric acid was 74.2 ± 25.0 mg/L, creatinine 1.49 ± 0.39 mg/L, calcium 10.8 ± 2.4 mg/dl, and phosphorus 5.3 ± 2.0 mg/dl. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between juveniles and sub-adults for uric acid and creatinine, and adults versus younger animals for calcium, whereas phosphorus values were not affected by age.

The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of neoplasms in the mammary gland of dogs. In this retrospective study (period of 1994-2006), records from the Patology Laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine Faculty, San Marcos University were used. There were a total of 4496 canine protocols of which 1128 were corresponded to neoplasms (25 ± 1.2%). Among them, 204 cases were in the mammary gland (18.1 ± 2.3%). Mammary neoplasms gland mainly occurred in females (94%) and in crossbred animals (38.3%). Dogs older than 10 years of age were most affected (46.4%). The inguinal pair was also the most affected (32.6%). Malignant neoplasms were more frequent (78%) than benign neoplasms. The adenocarcinoma was the most common neoplasm affecting the mammary gland (53.4%).

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el perfil bioquímico renal del cocodrilo de Tumbes (Crocodylus acutus) criado en cautiverio en Tumbes, Perú. Los animales fueron contenidos mediante sujeción manual y se colectaron muestras de sangre (6 ml) mediante punción del seno venoso post-occipital a 60 animales machos (24 juveniles, 27 subadultos y 9 adultos). El valor de ácido úrico fue de 74.2 ± 25.0 mg/L, creatinina: 1.49 ± 0.39 mg/L, calcio: 10.8 ± 2.4 mg/dl y fósforo: de 5.3 ± 2.0 mg/dl. Se encontró diferencia estadística (p<0.05) entre juveniles y sub-adultos para el ácido úrico y creatinina, y entre adultos frente a juveniles y sub-adultos para el calcio. No hubo diferencia significativa entre valores de fósforo por grupo etario.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de presentación de neoplasias en la glándula mamaria de caninos, diagnosticadas histopatológicamente en el Laboratorio Patología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad de San Marcos, Lima, a través de un estudio retrospectivo que cubrió un periodo de 13 años (1994-2006). Se tuvieron 4496 protocolos para la especie canina, de los cuales 1128 correspondieron a procesos neoplásicos (25 ± 1.2%). Dentro de estos, 204 casos fueron de neoplasia en glándula mamaria (18.1 ± 2.3%). Las neoplasias mamarias se presentaron principalmente en hembras (94%) y en animales mestizos (38.3%). Los caninos mayores de 10 años de edad fueron los más afectados (46.4%). El par mamario más comprometido fue el inguinal (32.6%). Las neoplasias malignas fueron más frecuentes (78%) que las benignas. El adenocarcinoma fue el tipo de n...

The objectives of the study were to describe the radiologic findings of plain radiography in animals with suspected herniated disc and to establish coincidences with the computed tomography (CT) examination. Sixteen dogs were studied, whose neurological evaluation revealed a neurological dysfunction compatible with thoracolumbar spinal cord compression and a magnitude of injury of grade III or higher. Two patients failed to show signs of disc herniation in both tests and were withdrawn from the study. Plain radiographies identified 14 animals with radiographic abnormalities consistent with a herniated disc. In 71.4% (10/14) of these cases, the results between radiographic and CT examinations coincided in the diagnosis of the presence of the disease and location of the affected intervertebral space. The radiographic findings most common in animals suspected to herniated disc type 1 were n...

The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of hepatic lipidosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of juvenile phase based on anatomical and histopathological lesions in the liver. The specimens (n=58) were obtained from a commercial fish farm in the central highlands of Peru. The fish were classified as healthy (n=23) and ill (n=35) according to the darkening of the skin and fin erosion. Liver samples were collected, fixed in 10% formalin, and stained with hematoxylin eosin. Results showed that 70.6% (41/58) of the fish had lesions compatible with hepatic lipidosis, where grade 3 had the largest incidence (27.6%). The highest frequency of hepatic lipidosis in grade 3 and 4 was observed in healthy animals.

Clinical records of bitches older than six months that were treated at the Small Animals Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos during the period 2009-2013 were revised to obtain statistical information about the frequency of pyometra and its relationship with age, breed, size and season of the year. Out of 4715 records of bitches, 207 were diagnosed with pyometra, representing an incidence of 4.4 ± 0.6%. A statistical association was found between pyometra and breed, but not with the size of the animal or the season of the year.

The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of infestation by monogeneans of the Dactylogiridae family in gills of tambaqui fry (Colossoma macropomum) raised in cages in an artificial and semi-natural aquatic environment. In total, 120 45-day-old fingerlings were evaluated with an average weight of 3.05 + 0.58 g, and an average total length of 5.23 + 0.51 cm. The fish were distributed in two floating cages (60 fingerlings per cage), the first located in an earthen pond in a semi-intensive breeding farm (artificial environment), and the second in a reservoir (semi-natural environment). Both groups received a similar diet. The qualitative degrees of infestation considered were mild, moderate and severe, according to the number of monogeneans parasites found in the gill sections evaluated by direct microscopy. The fingerlings were free of the parasitic infestation at the beginning ...

The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of patients with hydatidosis at the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (INSN), Lima, during the period 1996-2005. Clinical records of 177 patients out of 235 patients diagnosed with hydatidosis were analyzed. The frequency of patients with hydatidosis was 0.21% (235/109 550). The largest number of patients were from Lima department (33.9%, 60/177), followed by Junín and Pasco. The 55.4% (98/177) of patients was male and 50.8% (90/177) of patients were between 5 and 9 years of age. The 44.0% (78/177) of patients suffered pulmonary hydatidosis and 23.2% (41/177) had hepatic hydatidosis. Results indicated that an urban cycle of the diseases would be occurring.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de pacientes con hidatidosis en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (INSN), Lima, durante el periodo 1996-2005. Se revisaron 177 historias clínicas de un total de 235 pacientes con diagnóstico de hidatidosis. La frecuencia de pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de hidatidosis fue de 0.21% (235/109 550). El mayor número de pacientes procedió del departamento de Lima (33.9%, 60/177), seguido por Junín y Pasco. El 55.4% (98/177) de los pacientes fueron varones y el 50.8% (90/177) de los casos se dio en pacientes entre 5 y 9 años de edad. El 44.0% (78/177) de pacientes sufrió de hidatidosis pulmonar y el 23.2% (41/177) padeció de hidatidosis hepática. Los resultados indican que podría estar ocurriendo un ciclo urbano de la enfermedad.

Los objetivos del estudio fueron describir los hallazgos radiológicos de la radiografía simple en animales con sospecha de hernia discal y establecer su coincidencia con aquellos del examen tomográfico. Se estudiaron 16 pacientes caninos cuya evaluación neurológica reveló una disfunción neurológica compatible a una compresión medular toracolumbar y una magnitud de lesión de grado III o superior. Dos pacientes no presentaron sospecha de diagnóstico de hernia discal en las dos pruebas y fueron retirados. La radiografía simple identificó 14 animales con signos radiográficos compatibles a una hernia discal. De estos, el 71.4% (10/14) de los resultados de los exámenes radiográficos y tomográficos fueron coincidentes en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad y la localización del espacio intervertebral afectado. Los signos radiográficos más frecuentes en los animales sospechosos ...

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de lipidosis hepática en la trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) de fase juvenil en base a lesiones anátomohistopatológicas en el hígado. Se trabajó con 58 peces de una piscigranja comercial de la sierra central del Perú. Los peces fueron clasificados como sanos (n=23) y enfermos (n=35) según el oscurecimiento de la piel y erosión de las aletas. Se colectaron muestras de hígado, que se fijaron en formol al 10% y fueron coloreadas con Hematoxilina-eosina. El 70.6% (41/58) de los peces presentó lesiones compatibles con lipidosis hepática, siendo el grado 3 el de mayor presentación (27.6%). Las mayores frecuencias de lipidosis hepática en grados 3 y 4 se observaron en animales sanos.

Clinical records of bitches older than six months that were treated at the Small Animals Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos during the period 2009-2013 were revised to obtain statistical information about the frequency of pyometra and its relationship with age, breed, size and season of the year. Out of 4715 records of bitches, 207 were diagnosed with pyometra, representing an incidence of 4.4 ± 0.6%. A statistical association was found between pyometra and breed, but not with the size of the animal or the season of the year.

The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of infestation by monogeneans of the Dactylogiridae family in gills of tambaqui fry (Colossoma macropomum) raised in cages in an artificial and semi-natural aquatic environment. In total, 120 45-day-old fingerlings were evaluated with an average weight of 3.05 + 0.58 g, and an average total length of 5.23 + 0.51 cm. The fish were distributed in two floating cages (60 fingerlings per cage), the first located in an earthen pond in a semi-intensive breeding farm (artificial environment), and the second in a reservoir (semi-natural environment). Both groups received a similar diet. The qualitative degrees of infestation considered were mild, moderate and severe, according to the number of monogeneans parasites found in the gill sections evaluated by direct microscopy. The fingerlings were free of the parasitic infestation at the beginning ...

A study was conducted to determine the effect of culling BVDV carrier animals on the seroconversion against BVDV in the new generation of heifers from a dairy herd located in Arequipa, Peru. Blood samples were collected to 6-12 month old females in four sampling periods: January (n=73), June (n=48), October 2003 (n=48), and January 2004 (n=35) to evaluate their serological status against BVDV and to screen for carrier animals using the virus neutralization and antigen-capture ELISA tests, respectively. The prevalence of BVDV was 80.8 ± 9.0, 56.3 ± 14.0, 50.0 ± 14.2 and 22.9 ± 13.9% in the first, second, third and fourth sampling period, respectively. There were 2.7% (2/73) of carrier heifers in the group sampled in January 2003, and none in the subsequent sampling periods. The incidence of BVDV infection was 12/100 heifers per month from January 2003 till January 2004. The logistic r...

The aim of this study was to establish the blood biochemical profile of liver and kidney in clinically healthy alpacas (Vicugna pacos) of the central highlands of Peru. Blood samples (8 ml) were collected from 60 animals (30 adults and 30 tuis) by puncture of the jugular vein. The mean values were Total bilirubin: 0.62 ± 0.51 mg/dl; Direct bilirubin: 0.13 ± 0.09 mg/dl; Indirect bilirubin: 0.51 ± 0.52 mg/dl; ALT: 23.27 ± 13.11 IU/L; AST: 197.2 ± 53.74 IU; Alkaline phosphatase: 159.45 ± 76.6 IU/L; GGT: 22.35 ± 10.63; Total protein: 7.73 ± 1.18 g/dl; Albumin: 3.63 ± 0.65 g/dl; Globulin: 4.10 ± 1.40 g/dl; Urea: 39.1 ± 9.02 mg/dl; and Creatinine: 2.21 ± 0.54 mg/dl. Statistical difference was found (p<0.05) between age groups for total and indirect bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de la eliminación de los animales portadores del virus de la diarrea viral bovina (VDVB) sobre la seroconversión contra el virus en la nueva generación de animales de un establo lechero de crianza intensiva en Arequipa. Se colectaron muestras de suero a vaquillas entre 6 a 12 meses de edad en cuatro periodos: enero (n=73), junio (n=48) y octubre (n=48) del 2003 y enero del 2004 (n=35) para la detección de anticuerpos contra el VDVB y para la detección de animales portadores (PI) del virus, mediante las pruebas de neutralizaciónviral y ELISA captura de antigeno, respectivamente. La seroprevalencia del VDVB fue de 80.8 + 9.0, 56.3 + 14.0,50.0+ 14.2 y 22.9+ 13.9%en el primero, segundo, tercero y cuarto periodo de muestreo, respectivamente. La prevalencia de animales portadores del virus fue de 2.7% (2173) y fueron detectados ú...