A postmortem ultrasonography study was performed in the abdominal organs of an Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatos), 28 years old and 38 kg body weight, raised in captivity. The liver showed a hypoechoic homogeneous parenchyma, with six lobes, where the caudate lobe was extended to the last right intercostal and the left medial lobe completely covered the stomach body. The gallbladder, in a pear-shape, was 76.9 mm long, 27 mm thick, and had a 2.8 mm hyperechoic wall and anechoic content. The spleen was located in the left hypochondria, cranial to the kidney; showing homogeneous parenchyma, coarse-grained, and echogenicity slightly increased compared to the liver. The stomach was located caudal to the visceral surface of liver, and showed a division of four segments in relation to the thickness of the wall. The duodenum was located on the right flank (8.2 mm thickness, 18.5 mm diameter). The ...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pregnancy on blood pressure and heart rate in female dogs aged 11 months to 9 years, apparently healthy. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in 156 female dogs of various breeds, 124 of which were pregnant. The females were taken to consultation to determine possible pregnancies. Body weight, body condition score, presence of subcutaneous oedema and age of the patient were recorded. Gestation length, number of foetuses and presence of hydrops fetalis were calculated by ultrasound. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured with a SunTech Vet30® monitor. The results showed a significant increase (p=0.013) in HR in pregnant dogs (pregnant: 136 beats/min, non-pregnant: 129 beats/min); however, no variation was found due to the effect of weight, age, number of foetuses, presence/absence of hydrops fetalis and subcutaneous ma...

The present study aimed to determine the quantitative echographic pattern of abdominal organs of the domestic rabbit. Ultrasound examination was performed in 16 New Zealand mature rabbits (11 females and 5 males). Descriptive measurements were obtained for liver (diaphragm hilum, dorsal ventral and transverse diameter), gallbladder (length and thickness), gastric wall, urinary bladder (wall, length and thickness), spleen (length, thickness and transverse diameter), kidneys (length, thickness and cortex), prostate (length, thickness and diameter) and uterine body.

Persistent Mullerian duct (PMDS) is a type of hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism observed in several dog breeds. Males have testes and XY chromosomes in addition to oviduct cranial vagina, uterus and bilateral Müllerian duct derivatives. In the present study is described the case of a 8-year Schnauzer dog, phenotypically male, with a history of anorexia, lethargy and tenesmus during the last two days. The pet had male genitalia but evident right lateral cryptorchidism; however, ultrasound examination revealed that the animal had remnants of the duct Muller (uterine body and horns) with an infectious process compatible with pyometra. The blood smear showed polymorphonuclear cells without corpuscles of Barr. A tumor mass was found cranial to the right uterine horn and corresponded to a testicular neoplasia of Sertoli cells. The left testicle was located in the scrotal sac and was hypop...

The present study aimed to determine the ultrasonographic size of the biparietal diameter in foetuses at the final stage of gestation in dogs of various breeds. Sonographic reports (n=181) of bitches in gestation where foetuses had less than 210 beats per minute were studied. The animals were attended at the Small Animal Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, San Marcos University, Lima, Peru from 2000 to 2014.

Diffuse nephrocalcinosis is a rare condition in dogs. It is reported the case of a one-year-old crossbred female dog with severe chronic renal failure, and bilateral diffuse renal mineralization detected by ultrasound. The histopathological diagnosis was a severe diffuse non-suppurative chronic glomerulonephritis with metastatic calcification and tubular atrophy.

            It is described describe the clinical case of a 1-year-old crossbreed bitch, with a dystocic delivery of 12 hours that presented a fetus in a foot position in the pelvic canal. The ultrasound study revealed two apparently normal live fetuses and two with severe anasarca, pleural effusion and ascites, one of which had caused dystocia. The patient was subjected to a cesarean section. The ultrasound findings were confirmed by necropsy of the fetuses with dropsy. In addition, two of the fetuses presented palatoschisis.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the technique of ultrasound or radiographic image diagnosis, better supports a probable diagnosis of gastrointestinal foreign body. Thirteen dogs with presumptive diagnosis of gastrointestinal obstruction were subjected to radiological tests and ultrasound evaluation. Ultrasonography showed the presence of foreign bodies in all 13 cases, while through radiology, three foreign bodies were identified and seven were suspected of foreign body obstruction due to the intestinal distension. The foreign bodies were sonographically identified by the distal acoustic shadow and various degrees of reflection produced on the surface. In addition, the thickening of the stomach and intestinal wall in some animals, and free peritoneal fluid in a patient could be observed through ultrasound images. The findings in this study suggest that ultrasound can be us...

The aim of this study was to determine whether the technique of ultrasound or radiographic image diagnosis, better supports a probable diagnosis of gastrointestinal foreign body. Thirteen dogs with presumptive diagnosis of gastrointestinal obstruction were subjected to radiological tests and ultrasound evaluation. Ultrasonography showed the presence of foreign bodies in all 13 cases, while through radiology, three foreign bodies were identified and seven were suspected of foreign body obstruction due to the intestinal distension. The foreign bodies were sonographically identified by the distal acoustic shadow and various degrees of reflection produced on the surface. In addition, the thickening of the stomach and intestinal wall in some animals, and free peritoneal fluid in a patient could be observed through ultrasound images. The findings in this study suggest that ultrasound can be us...

Se realizó el estudio ultrasonográfico postmortem de los órganos abdominales de un oso de anteojos, Tremarctos ornatos, de 28 años de edad y 38 kg p.v., criado en cautiverio. El hígado presentó parénquima homogéneo, hipoecogénico, con seis lóbulos, donde el lóbulo caudado se extendió hasta el último intercostal derecho y el lóbulo medial izquierdo cubrió totalmente el cuerpo del estómago. La vesícula biliar era de forma piriforme, con 76.9 mm de longitud, 27 mm de espesor y 2.8 mm de pared, hiperecogénica y de contenido anecoico. El bazo se ubicó en el hipocondrio izquierdo, craneal al riñón; de parénquima homogéneo, grano grueso, y con ecogenicidad levemente aumentada respecto al hígado. El estómago se localizó caudal a la cara visceral del hígado, y presentó una división de cuatro segmentos según el grosor de la pared. El duodeno se localizó en el flanco ...

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo la determinación del patrón ecográfico cuantitativo de los órganos abdominales del conejo doméstico. Se trabajó con 16 conejos adultos (11 hembras y 5 machos) de raza Nueva Zelanda, obteniéndose las mediciones descriptivas de hígado (diafragma hilio, dorsoventral y diámetro transverso), vesículabiliar (longitud y espesor), pared gástrica, vejiga (pared, longitud y espesor), bazo (longitud, espesor y diámetro transverso), riñones (longitud, espesor y corteza), próstata (longitud, espesor y diámetro) y cuerpo uterino.

La persistencia del conducto de Müller (PMDS) es un tipo de seudohermafroditismo masculino hereditario que se ha registrado en varias razas de canes, donde los machos presentan testículos, cromosomas XY, además de oviducto, útero y vagina craneal como derivados de los ductos müllerianos. Se describe el caso de un canino Schnauzer fenotípicamente macho de 8 años de edad, con antecedentes de inapetencia, letargia y tenesmo desde los dos últimos días. La mascota presentaba órganos genitales masculinos pero evidenciaba criptorquidia lateral derecha. El examen ecográfico reveló esbozos del conducto de Muller (cuernos uterinos y cuerpo del útero) con un proceso infeccioso compatible con piometra. En el frotis sanguíneo se observaron células polimorfonucleares sin corpúsculos de Barr. Por otro lado, se encontró una masa tumoral craneal al cuerno uterino derecho correspondiendo ...

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo la determinación de la medición ecográfica cuantitativa del diámetro biparietal de fetos a término en perras. Se trabajó con 181 informes ecográficos de varias razas de perras en gestación cuyos fetos tenían menos de 210 latidos por minuto, y que fueron examinados en el consultorio de ecografía de la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, entre los años 2000-2014.

La nefrocalcinosis difusa es una condición rara en perros. Se reporta el caso de una perra mestiza de un año, que presentaba una falla renal crónica severa, y que al estudio ecográfico se observó una mineralización difusa bilateral renal. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue una severa glomerulonefritis no supurativa difusa crónica con calcificación metastásica y atrofia tubular.

            It is described describe the clinical case of a 1-year-old crossbreed bitch, with a dystocic delivery of 12 hours that presented a fetus in a foot position in the pelvic canal. The ultrasound study revealed two apparently normal live fetuses and two with severe anasarca, pleural effusion and ascites, one of which had caused dystocia. The patient was subjected to a cesarean section. The ultrasound findings were confirmed by necropsy of the fetuses with dropsy. In addition, two of the fetuses presented palatoschisis.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of ultrasound diagnosis of pregnancy with hydrops fetalis in bitches and its association with dam's race, age, parity, litter size and year of diagnosis. Ultrasound reports and stored images of bitches treated at the Ultrasound Service of the Small Animal Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos from 2013 to 2017 were reviewed. The "ultrasound patterns of canine foetal hydrops presentation" were characterized: Subcutaneous oedema, Pleural effusion, Ascites, Subcutaneous oedema and pleural effusion, Subcutaneous oedema and ascites, Pleural effusion and ascites, and Subcutaneous oedema with pleural effusion and ascites. The frequency of foetal hydrops was 11.6% (109/938) and affected 4.92% (233/4740) of the foetuses. The association was greater in defined breeds (12.5%), aged 25 months to 4 y...

The present study reports a case of hydrometra in a female canine of 12 years who was taken to the Small Animals Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima, Peru). The bitch had clinical signs of apparent gestation of 45 days, but no history of oestrus or mounts. Vital signs, uro-analysis, haematology, and blood biochemistry indicated values within normal parameters. The ultrasound examination showed compatible signs with hydrometra. An ovariohysterectomy was performed, and uterine samples were taken for histopathology, which confirmed the diagnosis, in addition to a concomitant cystic endometrial hyperplasia in one of the uterine horns.

El presente estudio reporta un caso de hidrometra en un canino hembra de 12 años que fue llevada a la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima, Perú). La perra presentaba signos clínicos de gestación aparente de 45 días, pero sin historia de celo o monta. Las constantes vitales, uroanálisis, hematología y bioquímica sanguínea indicaron valores dentro de los parámetros normales. En el examen ecográfico se observaron signos compatibles con hidrometra. Se llevó a cabo una ovariohisterectomía y se tomaron muestras uterinas para histopatología, lo cual confirmó el diagnóstico; además de una hiperplasia endometrial quística concomitante en uno de los cuernos uterinos.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and type of prostate disorders in canines through the use of ultrasound and cytology techniques. A total of 62 noncastrated dogs that were patients of the Small Animals Clinic of the Veterinary Faculty of San Marcos University, Lima were used. The ultrasound examination was conducted followed by the ultrasound-guided prostatic aspiration technique. The smears were stained and the cell recognition was done. The effect of age, size, breed and clinical signs on the clinical disorder was evaluated. The results showed that 40 animals (64.5%) had a prostate disorder with any of the two tests. The ultrasound technique showed cysts or abscesses (4.8%), hyperplasia (32.3%), hyperplasia and prostatitis (20.9%), prostatitis (4.8%) and neoplasias (1.6%); while through cytology was found glandular hyperplasia (32.3%), hyperplasia associated to infl...

Clinical records of bitches older than six months that were treated at the Small Animals Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos during the period 2009-2013 were revised to obtain statistical information about the frequency of pyometra and its relationship with age, breed, size and season of the year. Out of 4715 records of bitches, 207 were diagnosed with pyometra, representing an incidence of 4.4 ± 0.6%. A statistical association was found between pyometra and breed, but not with the size of the animal or the season of the year.