A postmortem ultrasonography study was performed in the abdominal organs of an Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatos), 28 years old and 38 kg body weight, raised in captivity. The liver showed a hypoechoic homogeneous parenchyma, with six lobes, where the caudate lobe was extended to the last right intercostal and the left medial lobe completely covered the stomach body. The gallbladder, in a pear-shape, was 76.9 mm long, 27 mm thick, and had a 2.8 mm hyperechoic wall and anechoic content. The spleen was located in the left hypochondria, cranial to the kidney; showing homogeneous parenchyma, coarse-grained, and echogenicity slightly increased compared to the liver. The stomach was located caudal to the visceral surface of liver, and showed a division of four segments in relation to the thickness of the wall. The duodenum was located on the right flank (8.2 mm thickness, 18.5 mm diameter). The ...

Se realizó el estudio ultrasonográfico postmortem de los órganos abdominales de un oso de anteojos, Tremarctos ornatos, de 28 años de edad y 38 kg p.v., criado en cautiverio. El hígado presentó parénquima homogéneo, hipoecogénico, con seis lóbulos, donde el lóbulo caudado se extendió hasta el último intercostal derecho y el lóbulo medial izquierdo cubrió totalmente el cuerpo del estómago. La vesícula biliar era de forma piriforme, con 76.9 mm de longitud, 27 mm de espesor y 2.8 mm de pared, hiperecogénica y de contenido anecoico. El bazo se ubicó en el hipocondrio izquierdo, craneal al riñón; de parénquima homogéneo, grano grueso, y con ecogenicidad levemente aumentada respecto al hígado. El estómago se localizó caudal a la cara visceral del hígado, y presentó una división de cuatro segmentos según el grosor de la pared. El duodeno se localizó en el flanco ...

The small intestine of 10 apparently healthy adult alpacas was collected in the municipal slaughterhouse of Huancavelica, Peru to describe the anatomical characteristics of Peyer's patches. The highest number of Peyer's patches was observed in the jejunum, followed by the duodenum and ileum (p<0.05), but the highest density was observed in the ileum (p<0.05). There were no significant differences by effect of the sex of the animals. The location with reference to the transverse plane of the intestine was 65.88% on the anti-mesenteric border, 27.87% on the lateral border and 11.40% on the mesenteric border (p<0.05). No clear pattern of distribution with reference to the longitudinal plane was found, except at the level of the ileal valve (2-3 cyst shape Peyer's patches bordering the ileal ring.) Several forms of presentation were observed: the nodular form in the duodenum and jej...

The objective of the present study was to identify and describe the muscular structures of the forelimb of the white fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons). Four male adult specimens were used. The standard techniques for embalming were used and the dissection of the muscles was made in the lateral and medial side of the forelimb. It is described 42 muscles, of which six muscles were in the shoulder girdle, six muscles in the region of the upper arm, 19 muscles in the region of the forearm where 11 were located in the lateral side and eight in the medial side, and 11 muscles in the region of the hand.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y describir las estructuras musculares del miembro anterior del mono Machín blanco (Cebus albifrons). Se utilizaron 4 monos machos adultos. Se emplearon las técnicas estándares de embalsamiento y se realizó la disección de las caras lateral y medial del miembro anterior. Se describen 42 músculos, de los cuales seis conforman la región del hombro, seis la región del brazo, 19 la región del antebrazo siendo 11 en el lado lateral y 8 en el lado medial, y 11 en la región de la mano.

The small intestine of 10 apparently healthy adult alpacas was collected in the municipal slaughterhouse of Huancavelica, Peru to describe the anatomical characteristics of Peyer's patches. The highest number of Peyer's patches was observed in the jejunum, followed by the duodenum and ileum (p<0.05), but the highest density was observed in the ileum (p<0.05). There were no significant differences by effect of the sex of the animals. The location with reference to the transverse plane of the intestine was 65.88% on the anti-mesenteric border, 27.87% on the lateral border and 11.40% on the mesenteric border (p<0.05). No clear pattern of distribution with reference to the longitudinal plane was found, except at the level of the ileal valve (2-3 cyst shape Peyer's patches bordering the ileal ring.) Several forms of presentation were observed: the nodular form in the duodenum and jej...

Urolithiasis is a common disease in companion animals, but the etiopathogenesis and frequency in rabbits is poorly known. Conventional therapy can be surgical or medical. An alternative treatment based on the use of the plant «stonebreaker» (Phyllantus niruri) is commonly used in human urolithiasis in Peruvian traditional medicine, despite pharmacologic mechanisms are not completely understood yet. It is reported the case of a male rabbit showing dysuria and abdominal pain. Radiologic examination revealed the presence of a radiopaque body in the urethra. Urolithiasis was diagnosed, surgery was scheduled for the next morning and «stonebreaker» tea was suggested as a complementary therapy. The following day the owner found the urolith near the pet’s hutch. Ultrasonography revealed the absence of calculus in the urinary tract. Laboratory analysis revealed the urolith was composed by a...

La urolitiasis es una enfermedad común en animales de compañía, pero su etiopatogénesis y frecuencia es poco conocida en conejos. El tratamiento convencional sugerido puede ser quirúrgico o médico; sin embargo, el tratamiento alternativo basado en el uso de la planta «chancapiedra» (Phyllantus niruri) es comúnmente empleado en casos de urolitiasis humana en la medicina tradicional peruana, aunque se desconocen sus mecanismos farmacológicos. Se reporta el caso de un conejo macho que presentaba disuria y dolor a la palpación abdominal. El examen radiográfico reveló la presencia de un cuerpo radiopaco en la uretra. Se diagnosticó urolitiasis y se programó el tratamiento quirúrgico para el día siguiente, sugiriéndose como terapia complementaria la infusión de «chancapiedra» como agua de bebida. Al día siguiente el propietario halló el urolito cerca al dormidero de su m...

The aim of this work was to identify and describe the arterial vessels of the pelvic member of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Six adult alpacas were dissected (3 females and 3 males). There were no anatomical differences between males and females. The arterial blood supply leading to the pelvic limbs mainly originates from the external iliac artery and to a lesser extent from the internal iliac artery, as described also for the canine, equine, bovine and llama. The external iliac artery is the main arterial channel that runs through the different regions of the pelvic limb, changing the name (femoral, popliteal, cranial tibial, dorsal pedal), giving off several collateral branches during its course. The superficial circumflex iliac, lateral circumflex femoral, saphenous, the proximal and distal caudal femoral arteries arose from the femoral artery as does the medial circumflex femoral arter...

The anatomical description of the reproductive tract of the female llama was studied in four animals. Macroscopically, the reproductive system is morphologically similar to the cow. However, the difference is the absence of intercornual ligament and cotyledons, and the presence of an intercornual septum, as in the alpaca. The distribution of the arteries and veins that irrigated and drained the blood to and from the pelvic cavity and reproductive system presented a vascular distribution almost equal to the ruminant’s pattern and then, they followed a pattern similar to that on the equine. At the reproductive system level, blood vessels adopted a totally different pattern from those described for domestic species. Some arteries had never been described such as the caudal vaginal artery, medium vesical artery, cranial vaginal artery, dorsal uterine artery with its lateral and medial bran...

The present study aimed to identify and describe the structures of the mammary glands and related structures of the llama (Lama glama). Five adult females in lactation were embalmed using a 12% formalin solution. Superficial and deep dissections were done; comparing both sides of the glands and observing related structures as muscles, arteries, veins, nerves and lymph nodes. Macroscopic characteristics of the udder were similar to other camelids and mammals; however, there was a different arterial vessel pattern. Also, was observed the presence of the supramammary lymphatic nodule, not described in other domestic animals. The nipple presented two output ducts that join into one.

Se hizo la descripción anatómica del tracto reproductor femenino de la llama. Se usaron 4 llamas adultas. Macroscópicamente, la anatomía del aparato reproductor es morfológicamente similar a la del bovino, diferenciándose por la ausencia de ligamento intercornual y cotiledones, así como por la presentación de un tabique intercornual, como es el caso de la alpaca. La distribución de las arterias y venas que irrigaron y drenaron sangre a la cavidad pélvica y aparato reproductor presentaron en un primer tramo, a nivel de la arteria iliaca interna, una distribución vascular casi concordante con los patrones descritos en rumiantes; luego siguió un patrón similar al del equino. A nivel del aparato reproductor, los vasos sanguíneos adoptaron un patrón totalmente diferente al descrito en especies domésticas. Se encontraron arterias no antes descritas como la arteria vaginal cauda...

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y describir las estructuras que conforman y se relacionan con la glándula mamaria de la llama (Lama glama). Se emplearon cinco hembras adultas en lactación, que fueron embalsamadas mediante una solución de formol al 12%. Se realizó la disección de los planos superficial y profundo, comparando ambos lados de la glándula mamaria y observando las estructuras relacionadas, como músculos, troncos arteriales y venosos, nervios y nódulos linfáticos. Las características macroscópicas de la porción glandular se asemejan a lo descrito para camélidos en general y a otros mamíferos; sin embargo, el origen de las arterias es diferente y se observaron nódulos linfáticos supramamarios no descritos en otras especies. Los dos conductos del pezón convergen en uno.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y describir los vasos arteriales del miembro pélvico de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se utilizaron seis alpacas adultas (3 hembras y 3 machos). En la disección no se observaron diferencias anatómicas entre machos y hembras. La irrigación se originó a partir de la arteria ilíaca externa, principalmente, y de la arteria ilíaca interna. La arteria ilíaca externa fue el gran conducto arterial que se extendió por las diferentes regiones del miembro pélvico cambiando de denominación (femoral, poplítea, tibial craneal, dorsal del pie), desprendiendo múltiples ramas colaterales durante su curso. Las arterias circunfleja ilíaca superficial, circunfleja femoral lateral, safena y caudales femorales proximal y distal nacieron de la arteria femoral al igual que la arteria circunfleja femoral medial. La alpaca, en coincidencia con la llama, no pr...

The aim of the study was to determine the association between cephalic biotype and severity of periodontal disease in dogs in a pet clinic in Lima between September 2008 and March 2009. Forty five patients’ heads older than one year were classified by the Cephalic Index in brachycephalic and not brachycephalic (mesaticephalic and dolicocephalic), and then, the teeth was evaluated through the Veterinary Periodontal Index. The result showed that 57.8% of animals had periodontal disease, where 81.2% were brachycephalic dogs and 44.8% were not brachycephalic (p<0.05). There was statistical association between missing teeth and presence of periodontal disease. The most affected teeth were premolars.

This study aimed to evaluate the skull osteometry and to calculate the craniometric indexes of adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos). The study was carried out using 30 heads of adult Huacaya alpacas (15 males and 15 females), from the district of Sicuani, Cusco, Peru. The skulls were obtained by the maceration technique. The anatomical description was applied using the recommended terminology by the Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature 2012. A digital vernier was used in the measurement and calculation of craniometric indexes. The «t» test was used to determine differences due to sex. The results showed that adult alpacas do not have sexual dimorphism related to craniometry values. The skulls are the dolichocephalic type with a Total Cephalic Index of 46.43% and ultradolichocranial with a Total Cephalic Index of 55.42%. The alpaca face is the hiperleptene type with a Facial Index of 103.17%, pr...

The aim of this study was to identify the angiotensin II receptor antigens in the umbilical artery of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Six gravid uteri of alpacas from community farms located at 4000 m above the sea level in Cusco, Peru were used. The gestation time was estimated by the biparietal diameter of the foetus. Histological sections of 5 µm thickness were obtained from each umbilical artery. The Avidin-Biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry (IHQ) technique was applied, using IHQ reagents and polyclonal anti-Angiotensin II antibodies. The slides were analysed with a Leica DM750 binocular microscope with digital camera attached and LAS 4.7 Leica Macrosystems software. The intensity of marking was classified qualitatively (0: negative; 1: weak; 2: moderate; 3: strong labelling). For the positive control, ovine umbilical artery samples were used. The angiotensin II receptor antigens we...

The aim of this study was to describe the macroscopic anatomy of the neopallium in alpaca foetuses. Fifteen foetuses with gestational ages ranging from days 101 to 323 were used. The brains were infiltrated with 10% formaldehyde by injections at the frontoparietal and nasofrontal junction of the skull. Then, 30 days later the brains were dissected and the neopallium was exposed. Photographs in situ and ex situ of the dorsal, lateral, rostral, caudal, and ventral view were taken. By using the pictures, the brain sulcus and gyri were identified. In chronological order, the sulcus that were described were: Lateral Fissure, Suprasylvian Sulcus, Endosagittal Sulcus, Coronal Sulcus, Splenial Sulcus, Genual Sulcus, Calcarine Sulcus, Presylvian Sulcus, Central Sulcus, Sagittal Sulcus, Ectosagittal Sulcus, Diagonal Sulcus and Ectosilvian Sulcus. The gyrus were: Cingulate Gyrus, Rostral Silvian Gy...

The aim of this study was to know the macroscopic arterial and venous anatomy of the thymus in alpaca foetuses. Ten foetuses were used with gestational ages between 107 and 278 days obtained in the local slaughterhouse (Huancavelica, Peru), and processed to perform the anatomical technique of vascular filling. An aqueous solution of acrylic resin and red Chinese ink was injected into a cannulated umbilical artery, and another aqueous solution of acrylic resin and blue Chinese ink was injected into a cannulated umbilical vein. The foetuses were preserved in 10% formalin while the resin solidified. The foetuses were dissected. The thymus was lobed and formed by the right cranial cervical thymus, left cranial cervical thymus, caudal cervical thymus, intermediate thymus, and thoracic thymus. The right and left common carotid arteries, the right and left cranial thyroid arteries and the right...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el biotipo cefálico y la severidad de la enfermedad periodontal, en los pacientes caninos de una clínica de animales menores de la ciudad de Lima entre septiembre de 2008 y marzo de 2009. Se trabajó con 45 pacientes mayores de un año de edad. Se les clasificó el tipo de cabeza mediante el Índice Cefálico en perros braquiocefálicos y no braquiocefálicos (mesaticefálico y dolicocefálico), y se les evaluó la dentadura mediante el Índice Veterinario Periodontal. El 57.8% de perros presentaron algún grado de enfermedad periodontal, siendo de 81.2% en el biotipo braquiocefálico y de 44.8% en el no braquiocefálico (p<0.05). Además, se encontró asociación estadística entre la ausencia de dientes y la presentación de la enfermedad periodontal. El tipo dentario más afectado fue el premolar.