El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y describir las estructuras que conforman y se relacionan con la glándula mamaria de la llama (Lama glama). Se emplearon cinco hembras adultas en lactación, que fueron embalsamadas mediante una solución de formol al 12%. Se realizó la disección de los planos superficial y profundo, comparando ambos lados de la glándula mamaria y observando las estructuras relacionadas, como músculos, troncos arteriales y venosos, nervios y nódulos linfáticos. Las características macroscópicas de la porción glandular se asemejan a lo descrito para camélidos en general y a otros mamíferos; sin embargo, el origen de las arterias es diferente y se observaron nódulos linfáticos supramamarios no descritos en otras especies. Los dos conductos del pezón convergen en uno.

The present study aimed to identify and describe the structures of the mammary glands and related structures of the llama (Lama glama). Five adult females in lactation were embalmed using a 12% formalin solution. Superficial and deep dissections were done; comparing both sides of the glands and observing related structures as muscles, arteries, veins, nerves and lymph nodes. Macroscopic characteristics of the udder were similar to other camelids and mammals; however, there was a different arterial vessel pattern. Also, was observed the presence of the supramammary lymphatic nodule, not described in other domestic animals. The nipple presented two output ducts that join into one.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la evaluación de la osteometría del cráneo y el cálculo de los índices craneométricos de alpacas (Vicugna pacos) adultas. Se utilizaron 30 cabezas de alpacas Huacaya adultas (15 machos y 15 hembras), provenientes de Sicuani, Cusco, Perú. Los cráneos fueron obtenidos mediante la técnica de maceración. En la descripción anatómica se empleó la terminología recomendada por la Nómina Anatómica Veterinaria 2012. En la medición osteométrica y el cálculo de los índices craneométricos se empleó un vernier digital. El análisis estadístico se hizo con la prueba de "t". Los resultados no indicaron dimorfismo sexual en el aspecto relacionado a la craneometría por efecto del sexo. Los cráneos de la alpaca son de tipo dolicocéfalo con un Índice Cefálico Total de 46.43%, ultradolicocráneo con un Índice Craneal de 55.42%. La cara es de...

The aim of this study was to describe the macroscopic anatomy of the neopallium in alpaca foetuses. Fifteen foetuses with gestational ages ranging from days 101 to 323 were used. The brains were infiltrated with 10% formaldehyde by injections at the frontoparietal and nasofrontal junction of the skull. Then, 30 days later the brains were dissected and the neopallium was exposed. Photographs in situ and ex situ of the dorsal, lateral, rostral, caudal, and ventral view were taken. By using the pictures, the brain sulcus and gyri were identified. In chronological order, the sulcus that were described were: Lateral Fissure, Suprasylvian Sulcus, Endosagittal Sulcus, Coronal Sulcus, Splenial Sulcus, Genual Sulcus, Calcarine Sulcus, Presylvian Sulcus, Central Sulcus, Sagittal Sulcus, Ectosagittal Sulcus, Diagonal Sulcus and Ectosilvian Sulcus. The gyrus were: Cingulate Gyrus, Rostral Silvian Gy...

The aim of this study was to know the macroscopic arterial and venous anatomy of the thymus in alpaca foetuses. Ten foetuses were used with gestational ages between 107 and 278 days obtained in the local slaughterhouse (Huancavelica, Peru), and processed to perform the anatomical technique of vascular filling. An aqueous solution of acrylic resin and red Chinese ink was injected into a cannulated umbilical artery, and another aqueous solution of acrylic resin and blue Chinese ink was injected into a cannulated umbilical vein. The foetuses were preserved in 10% formalin while the resin solidified. The foetuses were dissected. The thymus was lobed and formed by the right cranial cervical thymus, left cranial cervical thymus, caudal cervical thymus, intermediate thymus, and thoracic thymus. The right and left common carotid arteries, the right and left cranial thyroid arteries and the right...

This study aimed to evaluate the skull osteometry and to calculate the craniometric indexes of adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos). The study was carried out using 30 heads of adult Huacaya alpacas (15 males and 15 females), from the district of Sicuani, Cusco, Peru. The skulls were obtained by the maceration technique. The anatomical description was applied using the recommended terminology by the Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature 2012. A digital vernier was used in the measurement and calculation of craniometric indexes. The «t» test was used to determine differences due to sex. The results showed that adult alpacas do not have sexual dimorphism related to craniometry values. The skulls are the dolichocephalic type with a Total Cephalic Index of 46.43% and ultradolichocranial with a Total Cephalic Index of 55.42%. The alpaca face is the hiperleptene type with a Facial Index of 103.17%, pr...

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una caracterización morfológica del páncreas de alpacas jóvenes (n=9) y adultas (n=5). Para el estudio macroscópico se observó el páncreas in situ reconociendo su forma y relación con otros órganos. Para el estudio microscópico se realizaron cortes histológicos de 5 μm de espesor tiñendo las láminas con hematoxilina de Mayer-Eosina y tricrómico de Masson. El páncreas se divide en tres secciones: cuerpo, lóbulo derecho y lóbulo izquierdo. El lóbulo izquierdo se extiende hacia el plano izquierdo llegando a colindar con el bazo y en mayor proporción al colon descendente. El conducto hepatopancreático presentó dos orígenes: uno donde el conducto hepático se introduce en el parénquima pancreático y lo abandona por el lóbulo derecho como conducto hepatopancreático, y otro donde el conducto pancreático se une con el hepático...

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate gamma (PP) and delta cells in alpaca pancreas by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples were obtained from 30 alpacas from the southern highlands of Peru (crías, juveniles and adults). Histological sections of 5 μm thickness (3 per lobe and 2 of the body) were used. A commercial kit of IHC and polyclonal antibodies (anti-PP and anti-SSTR3) were used to identify PP and delta cells. Rat pancreas samples were used as positive controls. The intensity of the marking was qualitatively classified between 0 (no marking) and 3 (strong marking). PP cells were present in all age groups, mainly in the body and right lobe of the pancreas, being observed mainly in the periphery and intermediate zone of the islets with a medium and strong marking. Delta cells were present in both lobes until 4 months of age, without being observed in juveniles or adults...

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y describir las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de la anatomía del páncreas de la alpaca, tanto en fetos del último tercio de gestación como en neonatos (0-30 días). Se estudiaron los páncreas de tres fetos del último tercio de gestación, y de crías de alpaca recién nacidas (n=3), de 0 días (n=5), 7 días (n=5), 15 días (n=5) y 30 días (n=5). En el estudio macroscópico se observó el páncreas in situ, sus conductos y su relación con otros órganos, tomándose medidas biométricas (longitud corporal, altura a la cruz, perímetro torácico y perímetro abdominal) y el peso de los individuos. Macroscópicamente, el páncreas es similar al de las alpacas adultas. Microscópicamente, el páncreas presenta una citoarquitectura celular definida, formada por acinos tubulares de citoplasma acidófilo, elongado, de...

This study describes the arteries that irrigate the pancreas and small intestine of the alpaca by dissection, angiography, vascular repletion and histology. Six alpacas were used, of which four were older than two years and two were four months old. Macroscopically, the pancreas was mainly irrigated by the pancreatic duodenal cranial and caudal arteries; in addition, branches from the hepatic artery, splenic artery and the branch of the first jejunal artery. These arteries and branches entered the pancreas (left, right and body portions) forming anastomosis in the form of nets, inside the parenchyma. Histological techniques showed that alpaca arteries have two layers, compact and spongy, forming the adventitia tunic of the duodenal cranial and caudal pancreatic arteries, celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. The caudal duodenal pancreatic artery had the thickest compact adventitial lay...

The aim of this study was to morphologically characterize the pancreas of young (n=9) and adult (n=5) alpacas. In the macroscopic study, the pancreas was observed in situ to determine the shape and its relationship with other organs. In the microscopic study, routine histologic procedures were applied and histological sections of 5 µm thick were stained with Mayer-Eosin hematoxylin and Masson trichrome. The pancreas is divided in three sections: body, right lobe and left lobe which extend to the left plane, bordering the spleen and in greater proportion to the descendant colon. The hepatopancreatic duct presented two origins; one where the hepatic duct enters the pancreatic parenchyma and it leaves by the right lobe as the hepatopancreatic duct and another where the pancreatic duct joins with the hepatic duct as it emerges from the right lobe to form the hepatopancreatic duct. In the mi...

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate gamma (PP) and delta cells in alpaca pancreas by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples were obtained from 30 alpacas from the southern highlands of Peru (crías, juveniles and adults). Histological sections of 5 µm thickness (3 per lobe and 2 of the body) were used. A commercial kit of IHC and polyclonal antibodies (anti-PP and anti SSTR3) were used to identify PP and delta cells. Rat pancreas samples were used as positive controls. The intensity of the marking was qualitatively classified between 0 (no marking) and 3 (strong marking). PP cells were present in all age groups, mainly in the body and right lobe of the pancreas, being observed mainly in the periphery and intermediate zone of the islets with a medium and strong marking. Delta cells were present in both lobes until 4 months of age, without being observed in juveniles or adults...

The aim of this study was to morphologically characterize the pancreas of young (n=9) and adult (n=5) alpacas. In the macroscopic study, the pancreas was observed in situ to determine the shape and its relationship with other organs. In the microscopic study, routine histologic procedures were applied and histological sections of 5 μm thick were stained with Mayer-Eosin hematoxylin and Masson trichrome. The pancreas is divided in three sections: body, right lobe and left lobe which extend to the left plane, bordering the spleen and in greater proportion to the descendant colon. The hepatopancreatic duct presented two origins; one where the hepatic duct enters the pancreatic parenchyma and it leaves by the right lobe as the hepatopancreatic duct and another where the pancreatic duct joins with the hepatic duct as it emerges from the right lobe to form the hepatopancreatic duct. In the mi...

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate gamma (PP) and delta cells in alpaca pancreas by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples were obtained from 30 alpacas from the southern highlands of Peru (crías, juveniles and adults). Histological sections of 5 μm thickness (3 per lobe and 2 of the body) were used. A commercial kit of IHC and polyclonal antibodies (anti-PP and anti-SSTR3) were used to identify PP and delta cells. Rat pancreas samples were used as positive controls. The intensity of the marking was qualitatively classified between 0 (no marking) and 3 (strong marking). PP cells were present in all age groups, mainly in the body and right lobe of the pancreas, being observed mainly in the periphery and intermediate zone of the islets with a medium and strong marking. Delta cells were present in both lobes until 4 months of age, without being observed in juveniles or adults...

The objective of this study was to identify and describe the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the anatomy of the pancreas of alpacas, both in the last third of the gestation and in the neonate (0-30 days). The study included three foetuses and 18 alpaca crias (0 days [3], 7 days [5], 15 days [5], and 30 days [5]). In the macroscopic analysis, the pancreas was observed in situ, including its ducts and its relationship with other organs, taking biometric measures (body length, height at withers, thoracic perimeter, and abdominal perimeter), as well as the weight of the individuals. Macroscopically, the pancreas is alike to that of adult alpacas. Microscopically, the pancreas presents a definite cellular cytoarchitecture, formed by tubular acinar of acidophilic cytoplasm, elongated of basal nuclei and irregular islets (in size and shape), as well as undifferentiated cell group...

This study describes the arteries that irrigate the pancreas and small intestine of the alpaca by dissection, angiography, vascular repletion and histology. Six alpacas were used, of which four were older than two years and two were four months old. Macroscopically, the pancreas was mainly irrigated by the pancreatic duodenal cranial and caudal arteries; in addition, branches from the hepatic artery, splenic artery and the branch of the first jejunal artery. These arteries and branches entered the pancreas (left, right and body portions) forming anastomosis in the form of nets, inside the parenchyma. Histological techniques showed that alpaca arteries have two layers, compact and spongy, forming the adventitia tunic of the duodenal cranial and caudal pancreatic arteries, celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. The caudal duodenal pancreatic artery had the thickest compact adventitial lay...