Small Peruvian coffee producers face low yields per hectare, caused mainly by recent rust outbreaks and by natural crossing of coffee varieties, which are sown without specific order. Coffee rust has drastically reduced areas of susceptible but high-quality cup varieties as caturra, pache, and nacional, which have been replaced by others with high grain weight, but low-quality cup. This study aimed to determine the rooting capacity of sprouts subjected to different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (AIB) in three varieties of Coffea arabica, in the San Martín region, Peru. The most appropriate sprout rooting characteristics allowing to propagate rust-tolerant C. arabica plants were evaluated, under the effect of four doses of AIB (0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm) in three coffee varieties (caturra, pache, and nacional), using microtunnels as rooting environments. A completely randomiz...

An alternative to meet the market demand with Sacha inchi is the establishment of plantations with selected productive features; however, there is the problem of lack seed of high genetic quality and enough quantity required for the oil industry, which makes that vegetative propagation acquires great importance. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the rooting ability of juvenile cuttings of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), using three length cuttings (4, 6 and 8cm) and four levels of leaf area (0, 25, 50 and 100 cm2), set to root in subirrigation propagators. The test was performed at the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) experimental nursery, San Martín, using a completely randomized block design with bifactorial comprised of 12 treatments, three replications and nine cuttings per experimental unit. At the end of the experiment (20 days from being established ...

Todas las orquídeas conforman la familia botánica Orchidaceae, siendo una de las familias más diversas con cerca de 30 000 especies distribuidas en el mundo. En el Perú, las orquídeas cuentan con 212 géneros y cerca de 2 206 especies (MINAM, 2015), estas orquídeas tienen un valor comercial importante, la gran mayoría son reproducidas artificialmente. La creciente demanda de especies de orquídeas de gran valor comercial ha llevado a la búsqueda de la producción de plántulas de alta calidad (con homogeneidad, genética y control fitosanitario) en un corto período de tiempo, a través de herramientas biotecnológicas. Por esta razón, la propagación in vitro ha demostrado ser un método altamente efectivo para la producción de un gran número de plantas (Georgieva et al. 2016). La Universidad Nacional de San Martín, cuenta con un Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales d...

Entre el 2011 y 2013, algunos países productores de café en América del Sur, Central y Perú sufrieron graves afectaciones por la presencia de la roya, generando grandes pérdidas económicas con implicaciones sociales. En el presente estudio, se evaluó el efecto de los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) en el estado de nutrientes, crecimiento, glomalina, catalasa y resistencia a roya en café en la provincia de Moyobamba, Perú a partir de plantas clonadas de caturra y pache, a las cuales se inocularon 2 000 esporas de HMA por consorcio seleccionado procedente de las provincias de Moyobamba, El Dorado y Huallaga. Después de 110 días en vivero los plantones fueron infestadas con roya y a los 160 días estas fueron establecidas en campo mediante un diseño factorial de 4A X 2B, caracterizado por el análisis de concentraciones de HMA y variedades clonales de café. Se evaluaron...

The Peruvian Amazon has been significantly affected by land use and climate change, decreasing decomposition processes, which cause a significant depletion of soil C stocks. In this study, we estimated soil organic C (SOC) mediated by different plant covers in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations and secondary forests in several districts of the San Martín Region, Peru. We calculated the critical threshold, saturation point, and the organic C deficit of these Amazonian soils. The association between geography, soil physical-chemical characteristics, and SOC was estimated through principal component analysis. Across all sites of the study, SOC stock had an average value of 69.19 t ha-1, with 48.95 t ha-1 constituting inorganic C. The highest SOC stock (225.28 t ha-1) was observed under secondary forest in the Jepelacio district. The SOC stocks were positively correlated with altitude a...

Aim of study: The loss of forest cover is a global problem that alters ecosystems, contributing to carbon emissions. This study measured the soil organic carbon (SOC) at different soil depth in tropical dry forests of the Huallaga Central in the Peruvian Amazon. Area of study: San Martín Region, Peruvian Amazon. Material and methods: A total of 24 plots of 100 m² were selected in primary (~200 years), intervened (~50 years since intervention), and deforested forests (10 years ago), with 120 soil samples collected across five depths. Soil texture (hydrometer), bulk density (cylinder method), SOC content, SOC density, and erodibility (K parameter) were calculated. Main results: SOC content in the 0-20 cm soil horizon was 79.5±21.3 t ha-¹ for the primary forest, 58.5±11.8 t ha-¹ for the intervened forest, and 41.8±10 t ha-¹ for the deforested forest. A soil erodibility K of 0.065 wa...

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Secondary forests and coffee cultivation systems with shade trees might have great potential for carbon sequestration as a means of climate change adaptation and mitigation. This study aimed to measure carbon stocks in coffee plantations under different managements and secondary forest systems in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest (San Martín Region). The carbon stock in secondary forest trees was estimated using allometric equations, while carbon stocks in soil, herbaceous biomass, and leaf litter were determined through sampling and laboratory analysis. The biomass carbon stock in secondary forests was 132.2 t/ha, while in coffee plantations with Inga sp. shade trees it was 118.2 t/ha. Carbon stocks were 76.5 t/ha in coffee with polyculture farming, and the lowest amount of carbon was found in coffee without shade trees (31.1 t/ha). The carbon sequestered by coffee plants in all agrofores...

Swietenia macrophylla is a forest species of great commercial value that is categorized as vulnerable in Peru. Therefore, the objective of this study is to optimize a protocol for cutting propagation of S. macrophylla using microtunnels in the San Martín, Peruvian Amazon. Three experiments were conducted: sterilization, which tested ethyl alcohol (EA), Tween-80 (T), carbendazim (CZ), and combinations; a rooting experiment with different substrates and doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); and an acclimation experiment of rooted cuttings, with different shade coverage and relative humidity conditions. The lowest contamination of S. macrophylla cuttings (9.75%) was achieved with the combined EA-CZ treatment; this treatment resulted in the lowest necrosis (9.1%) and survival of 86.50%. The best responses in rooting, root biomass, and cutting survival were presented by the combination of st...

Secondary forests and coffee cultivation systems with shade trees might have great potential for carbon sequestration as a means of climate change adaptation and mitigation. This study aimed to measure carbon stocks in coffee plantations under different managements and secondary forest systems in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest (San Martín Region). The carbon stock in secondary forest trees was estimated using allometric equations, while carbon stocks in soil, herbaceous biomass, and leaf litter were determined through sampling and laboratory analysis. The biomass carbon stock in secondary forests was 132.2 t/ha, while in coffee plantations with Inga sp. shade trees it was 118.2 t/ha. Carbon stocks were 76.5 t/ha in coffee with polyculture farming, and the lowest amount of carbon was found in coffee without shade trees (31.1 t/ha). The carbon sequestered by coffee plants in all agrofores...

La selva amazónica de Perú ha experimentado grandes cambios en el uso de suelos, mediante la deforestación del ecosistema forestal para la instalación de silvopasturas y cultivos agrícolas como café y cacao, lo que ha contribuido al aumento de CO2 en la atmósfera. Este estudio evaluó los niveles de glomalina y carbono en función de los agregados del suelo en estos ambientes. Se estudiaron tres tipos de ecosistemas: i) ecosistema de bosque, ii) agroecosistema de silvopastura y iii) agroecosistema de café. En cada uno se establecieron nueve parcelas de 100 m2 y se extrajeron muestras de suelos a una profundidad de 0-20 cm. Se evaluó el carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) así como la glomalina extraíble (GE) y total (GT), en cuatro diferentes rangos del tamaño de los agregados (>2 mm, 2-1 mm, 1-0,25 mm y 0,25 mm). El efecto del tipo de ecosistema y agregados sobre el COS y gloma...

The Peruvian Amazon has been significantly affected by land use and climate change, decreasing decomposition processes, which cause a significant depletion of soil C stocks. In this study, we estimated soil organic C (SOC) mediated by different plant covers in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations and secondary forests in several districts of the San Martín Region, Peru. We calculated the critical threshold, saturation point, and the organic C deficit of these Amazonian soils. The association between geography, soil physical-chemical characteristics, and SOC was estimated through principal component analysis. Across all sites of the study, SOC stock had an average value of 69.19 t ha-1, with 48.95 t ha-1 constituting inorganic C. The highest SOC stock (225.28 t ha-1) was observed under secondary forest in the Jepelacio district. The SOC stocks were positively correlated with altitude a...

El desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología sobre la biofertilización y bioprotección en plantas clonales micorrizadas de café podría constituir un sistema más eficiente para el incremento de los rendimientos por hectárea, control de plagas y enfermedades con el uso de tecnologías limpias para el medio ambiente, mejorando la fertilidad de los suelos, buscando reducir los costos de producción y mejorar los niveles productivos de las fincas cafetaleras. Esperamos que este manual sirva de guía a todos los productores cafetaleros de la región San Martín y del resto del Perú, para mejorar e incrementar la productividad de los cafetales, basados en las variedades caturra, pache y nacional y haciendo uso de consorcios micorrízicos eficientes en la biofertilización y bioprotección de plantones de café.

La roya amarilla del cafeto redujo drásticamente las áreas de cultivo de las variedades de alta calidad de taza como caturra, nacional y pache en la región San Martín. Estas variedades han sido reemplazadas por otras como catimor y otros, que sí bien es cierto poseen peso, pero no alta calidad de taza. También se generó en los cafetales un fuerte ataque del nematodo agallador de las raíces en los cafetos, asociado a la alta incidencia de roya amarilla. Fue el objetivo de este estudio diseñar estrategias para mitigar el efecto de la roya amarilla mediante la selección de clones con tolerancia a roya, sobre todo en las variedades más cultivadas y de alta calidad de taza como son caturra, nacional y pache; para ello identificaron plantas matrices en las provincias de Rioja, Moyobamba, Lamas, El Dorado y Huallaga, con la finalidad de inducir la brotación y colectar el material ve...

Manual elaborado en el contrato 20-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AV: "Generación de tecnologías de adaptación a los efectos negativos del cambio climático como un modelo sostenible y exitoso de la caficultura en la región San Martín".

Inoculating plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) protects host plants against biotic stressors such as diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the biological control of coffee leaf rust (CLR) infections. The research involved two varieties of coffee (Caturra and Pache) and three inocula of AMF: Moyobamba (Acaulospora mellea, Acaulospora sp.1, Glomus geosporum, Glomus sp.1, andGlomus sp.2), El Dorado (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora spinosissima, Acaulospora lacunosa, Glomus sinuosum andAmbispora appendicula) and Huallaga (Acaulospora mellea, Acaulospora sp.1, Acaulospora sp.2, Glomus macrocarpum and Glomus sp.2), in addition to a control treatment without application of AMF (non-AMF). Inoculation of vegetatively propagated coffee plants with AMF was observed to induce tolerance to CLR. The incidence of CL...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de nueve consorcios micorrícicos arbusculares y la inoculación a plántulas de café Coffea arabica, variedad Caturra, comparados con un control (sin inoculación), durante siete meses en vivero. El cultivo de café en la Región San Martín es una de las actividades agrícolas económicas más importantes. Una alternativa para incrementar la producción consiste en la aplicación de hongos micorrizas. Se empleó un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA), nueve tratamientos y un control constituido por tres repeticiones (6 plantas/repetición). La procedencia de los consorcios micorrícicos son de fincas cafetaleras de la Región San Martín en Perú. Se evaluaron el porcentaje de colonización, longitud de micelio extraradical, altura de planta, área foliar, biomasa aérea y biomasa radicular seca. Los resultados del estudio most...

The present investigation was carried out in the facilities of the Clonal Coffee Biotechnology greenhouse of the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute, San Martin-Peru headquarters. The objective was to determine the appropriate age of harvest of the coffee shoots (Coffea arabica L.) for its optimum rooting under controlled conditions. Coffee shoots were tested with ages between 55-64 and 65-74 days. The shoots were subjected to a previous disinfection and exposed to a dose of hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) of 1000 ppm, then placed in jiffy pellets and finally introduced in microtuneles with controlled conditions to encourage rooting. For the analysis a completely randomized factorial experimental design was used, whose factors correspond to age of the shoots, hormonal treatment (AIB) and 6 repetitions, with 24 experimental units in total, the latter being comprised by 6 coffee shoots,...

The present investigation was carried out in the facilities of the Clonal Coffee Biotechnology greenhouse of the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute, San Martin-Peru headquarters. The objective was to determine the appropriate age of harvest of the coffee shoots (Coffea arabica L.) for its optimum rooting under controlled conditions. Coffee shoots were tested with ages between 55-64 and 65-74 days. The shoots were subjected to a previous disinfection and exposed to a dose of hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) of 1000 ppm, then placed in jiffy pellets and finally introduced in microtuneles with controlled conditions to encourage rooting. For the analysis a completely randomized factorial experimental design was used, whose factors correspond to age of the shoots, hormonal treatment (AIB) and 6 repetitions, with 24 experimental units in total, the latter being comprised by 6 coffee shoots,...

Se evaluó el soporte de las ramas de la higuerilla (Ricinus communis L.) en el rendimiento del frejol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variedad Huasca Poroto en las comunidades nativas de Alto Shamboyacu y Chunchiwi, región San Martín. Se utilizó el Diseño de Bloques Completamente al Azar, con cuatro tratamientos y tres bloques. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron: T0 (frejol con maíz, testigo), T1 (todas las ramas de higuerilla sin podar asociado con frejol), el T2 (higuerilla podada y la formación de dos ramas de higuerilla asociado con frejol) y T3 (higuerilla podada y la formación de tres ramas de higuerilla asociado con frejol). Las variables evaluadas en ambas comunidades fueron: área foliar (cm2), longitud de vaina (cm), número de vainas por planta, altura de planta (m), número de semillas por vaina, peso promedio de semillas (g), rendimiento (kg/ha-1) y análisis eco...