Objetivo: Proponer un diseño de radio y sobreancho de curva para un semi tráiler en la carretera Lima - Canta, a fin de su incorporación en el diseño geométrico y seguridad vial de carretera, mediante un análisis computacional. Método: No Experimental: En la presente investigación no se manipularán deliberadamente las variables y se seguirán pasos descritos a continuación. Resultado: En este apartado se describe lo que se necesita mostrar como resultados de nuestra investigación identificación que son los radios de diseño tanto para el sobreancho como para los radios generados por un vehículo de diseño que es el semitrailer; así como las tablas, gráficas e interpretaciones que este conlleve tal y como se muestra en la siguiente tabla: Conclusión: En este apartado realizamos las comparaciones de nuestro proyecto de investigación respecto a los otros trabajos de investi...

El café es una de las bebidas de mayor consumo en el mundo entero. El proceso de secado para el almacenamiento de los granos café es determinante para las características físicas y sensoriales del producto final. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dos tipos de secado (mecánico y tradicional) en cinco altitudes sobre la calidad del café. La investigación se realizó en el valle del Alto Mayo, región San Martín, Perú. Se seleccionaron cinco fincas a diferentes altitudes (873, 1079, 1248, 1348, 1430 m.s.n.m.). El prototipo utilizado funciona mediante un sistema de túneles de calor térmico, construido con un micas solares y calaminas. Fueron extraídas 150 muestras de 1kg cada una. Las variables evaluadas fueron las características físicas y organolépticas del grano seco y el número de días de secado. Los resultados mostraron que no existieron diferencias s...

El café es una de las bebidas de mayor consumo en el mundo entero. El proceso de secado para el almacenamiento de los granos café es determinante para las características físicas y sensoriales del producto final. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dos tipos de secado (mecánico y tradicional) en cinco altitudes sobre la calidad del café. La investigación se realizó en el valle del Alto Mayo, región San Martín, Perú. Se seleccionaron cinco fincas a diferentes altitudes (873, 1079, 1248, 1348, 1430 m.s.n.m.). El prototipo utilizado funciona mediante un sistema de túneles de calor térmico, construido con un micas solares y calaminas. Fueron extraídas 150 muestras de 1kg cada una. Las variables evaluadas fueron las características físicas y organolépticas del grano seco y el número de días de secado. Los resultados mostraron que no existieron diferencias s...

El café es una de las bebidas de mayor consumo en el mundo entero. El proceso de secado para el almacenamiento de los granos café es determinante para las características físicas y sensoriales del producto final. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dos tipos de secado (mecánico y tradicional) en cinco altitudes sobre la calidad del café. La investigación se realizó en el valle del Alto Mayo, región San Martín, Perú. Se seleccionaron cinco fincas a diferentes altitudes (873, 1079, 1248, 1348, 1430 m.s.n.m.). El prototipo utilizado funciona mediante un sistema de túneles de calor térmico, construido con un micas solares y calaminas. Fueron extraídas 150 muestras de 1kg cada una. Las variables evaluadas fueron las características físicas y organolépticas del grano seco y el número de días de secado. Los resultados mostraron que no existieron diferencias s...

The latex yield in Hevea brasiliensis trees is highly variable; Therefore, it is important to propagate commercial clones of this species by grafting in order to standardize or improve latex yields and therefore improve the economic income of producers in this part of the Amazon region. Objective. To evaluate the attachment and development of rubber clones propagated by grafting in the Peruvian jungle. Methodology. Nine-month-old patterns installed in the field were used. These were grafted with budding rods from the commercial clones TR-1, FX-3864, RRIM-600, IAN-873 and MDF-180. A completely randomized block design was used with five treatments and three blocks with 15 experimental units; each containing 30 repetitions. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple range test (p<0.05) and the Kruskal Wallis test. Results. The best results in attachment an...

Swietenia macrophylla is a forest species of great commercial value that is categorized as vulnerable in Peru. Therefore, the objective of this study is to optimize a protocol for cutting propagation of S. macrophylla using microtunnels in the San Martín, Peruvian Amazon. Three experiments were conducted: sterilization, which tested ethyl alcohol (EA), Tween-80 (T), carbendazim (CZ), and combinations; a rooting experiment with different substrates and doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); and an acclimation experiment of rooted cuttings, with different shade coverage and relative humidity conditions. The lowest contamination of S. macrophylla cuttings (9.75%) was achieved with the combined EA-CZ treatment; this treatment resulted in the lowest necrosis (9.1%) and survival of 86.50%. The best responses in rooting, root biomass, and cutting survival were presented by the combination of st...

Aim of study: The loss of forest cover is a global problem that alters ecosystems, contributing to carbon emissions. This study measured the soil organic carbon (SOC) at different soil depth in tropical dry forests of the Huallaga Central in the Peruvian Amazon. Area of study: San Martín Region, Peruvian Amazon. Material and methods: A total of 24 plots of 100 m² were selected in primary (~200 years), intervened (~50 years since intervention), and deforested forests (10 years ago), with 120 soil samples collected across five depths. Soil texture (hydrometer), bulk density (cylinder method), SOC content, SOC density, and erodibility (K parameter) were calculated. Main results: SOC content in the 0-20 cm soil horizon was 79.5±21.3 t ha-¹ for the primary forest, 58.5±11.8 t ha-¹ for the intervened forest, and 41.8±10 t ha-¹ for the deforested forest. A soil erodibility K of 0.065 wa...

Secondary forests and coffee cultivation systems with shade trees might have great potential for carbon sequestration as a means of climate change adaptation and mitigation. This study aimed to measure carbon stocks in coffee plantations under different managements and secondary forest systems in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest (San Martín Region). The carbon stock in secondary forest trees was estimated using allometric equations, while carbon stocks in soil, herbaceous biomass, and leaf litter were determined through sampling and laboratory analysis. The biomass carbon stock in secondary forests was 132.2 t/ha, while in coffee plantations with Inga sp. shade trees it was 118.2 t/ha. Carbon stocks were 76.5 t/ha in coffee with polyculture farming, and the lowest amount of carbon was found in coffee without shade trees (31.1 t/ha). The carbon sequestered by coffee plants in all agrofores...

The Peruvian Amazon has been significantly affected by land use and climate change, decreasing decomposition processes, which cause a significant depletion of soil C stocks. In this study, we estimated soil organic C (SOC) mediated by different plant covers in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations and secondary forests in several districts of the San Martín Region, Peru. We calculated the critical threshold, saturation point, and the organic C deficit of these Amazonian soils. The association between geography, soil physical-chemical characteristics, and SOC was estimated through principal component analysis. Across all sites of the study, SOC stock had an average value of 69.19 t ha-1, with 48.95 t ha-1 constituting inorganic C. The highest SOC stock (225.28 t ha-1) was observed under secondary forest in the Jepelacio district. The SOC stocks were positively correlated with altitude a...

The Peruvian Amazon has experienced large losses of forest cover due to changes in land use, contributing to increases in CO2 in the atmosphere. This study estimated the organic carbon content of forest soil in two forests "Ojos de Agua" and "El Quinillal" in the Central Huallaga of Peru, establishing three types of cover: (i) primary, (ii) intervened, and (iii) deforested. For this purpose, 24 plots of 100 m² were established and samples were extracted at a depth of 0-20 cm. The effect of the type of forest cover on soil carbon (Organic Carbon-SOC, Inorganic Carbon-SIC, Saturated Carbon-SC, Critical Carbon-CC, Saturated Carbon Deficit-SCD, and Organic Carbon-OC) was analyzed by means of an Analysis of Variance, correlation. Likewise, the relationship between carbon (C) and soil properties was evaluated by principal component analysis and correlation network. The results indicated that ...

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This study explores the intestinal microbiota of eight 18-month-old male alpacas from two distinct high-altitude regions in Peru: the Wet Puna (4200 m above sea level) and the Dry Puna (4900 m above sea level). Using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA metabarcoding, microbial communities of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists were analyzed from the first compartment of the stomach (C1) to investigate the diversity, taxonomic composition, and correlations with hematological parameters. Significant differences in microbial diversity and composition were observed between regions, driven by dietary and environmental factors. The Wet Puna exhibited greater alpha diversity in bacterial and fungal communities, while beta diversity highlighted distinct microbial compositions. Key taxa, such as Prevotella ruminicola and Acetitomaculum, were associated with energy metabolism and host adaptation, whereas met...

Background: The Amazonian forests are increasingly threatened due to continuous changes in land use, particularly deforestation. This study aimed to quantify and analyze the vertical distribution of soil glomalin and its relationship with carbon, climate, and soil properties across three forest types of the Peruvian Amazon. A total of 18 plots were selected and sampled in forests with different vegetation cover types: deforested, disturbed, and primary forest. The vertical variation of total glomalin (TG), easily extractable glomalin (EEG), and the number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spores was estimated, as it was the relationships of these variables with soil depth, physical-chemical properties, and climate conditions. Results: The mean values for TG, EEG, and AMF showed vertical variations in the three forest cover types, with high values in disturbed forests and degraded so...

Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has important benefits, not only for plant growth but also for reducing Cd absorption in Theobroma plants. This study aimed to investigate the influence of cadmium (Cd) and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) on growth and chlorophyll content (CC) in Theobroma plants. This experiment had a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design with species of Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum, AMF inoculation (mycorrhizal control and AMF inoculation), and Cd addition (0, 1, and 3 mg kg⁻¹), arranged in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The AMF inoculum consisted of applying 1500 units to each seedling. The results showed that the Cd content decreased in the stems with AMF treatment for T. cacao as well as in the soil, showing significant differences in both variables. However, a reduction of Cd could also be observed in T. grandiflorum stem...

Introduction: Forest carbon accumulation is crucial to mitigate ongoing climate change, as large individual trees store a substantial portion of the total carbon in biomass. In this study, large trees and carbon storage were estimated in five forests in the Peruvian Amazon. Methods: For the study, 100 plots were selected (twenty 500 m2 plots per forest site), distributed between 382 to 2086 meters above sea level. Various relationships were explored between the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the most abundant tree species and above- and below-ground carbon. The average carbon content in the tree was calculated based on 50% of the total tree volume at five sites of the Peruvian Amazon. Results: The site with most tree species (Alto Mayo Forest), had 59 tree species. The species Brosimum alicastrum, Ficus insipida, Manilkara bidentata, Inga sp., and Pourouma cecropiifolia showed an ave...