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The productive sustainability of Pennisetum clandestinum in the Peruvian highlands was evaluated through productivity, growth and chemical composition. The effect of the nitrogen (N) rate, organic matter application, and cutting frequency on Kikuyu grass's yield, chemical composition, plant height, and growth rate was investigated. Experimentation followed a randomized block design with split plots. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) assessed differences across study factors. Applying 120 kg of N ha-1 yr-1 raised the protein yield to 3454.53 kg ha¯¹, with a crude protein (CP) content of 23.54%. Moreover, cypress (Cupressus lusitanica) trees influenced the Kikuyu biomass, producing 19,176.23 kg of dry matter (DM) ha-1 yr-1 at 8.5-11.5 m from the tree base. Organic matter enhanced Kikuyu aboveground biomass. While dry matter production showed no significant difference between 30-...

Cattle breeding in the highlands of Peru is an important economic activity at the level of the entire rural extension, because it serves as an economic reserve for rural families and forms an integral part of the agri cultural producer’s culture. This review aimed to provide a literature- and research-based approach to the fundamental aspects of a national genetic improvement plan, emphasising the efficacy of using a bovine germplasm of high genetic quality as an initiative to implement genetic improvement programmes. The concepts to be implemented in national livestock farming include high yield, feed conversion efficiency, and minimum greenhouse gas emissions. The use of a dual-purpose germplasm to maximise the usefulness of livestock farmers and the implementation of improvement programmes, with the expectation of achieving a differential increase in genetic merit, were also conside...

The application of computer technologies associated with sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) in the quantification and qualification of quality parameters of meat products of various domestic species is an area of research, development, and innovation of great relevance in the agri-food industry. This review covers the most recent advances in this area, highlighting the importance of computer vision, artificial intelligence, and ultrasonography in evaluating quality and efficiency in meat products’ production and monitoring processes. Various techniques and methodologies used to evaluate quality parameters such as colour, water holding capacity (WHC), pH, moisture, texture, and intramuscular fat, among others related to animal origin, breed and handling, are discussed. In addition, the benefits and practical applications of the technology in the meat industry are examined, such as...

The application of computer technologies associated with sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) in the quantification and qualification of quality parameters of meat products of various domestic species is an area of research, development, and innovation of great relevance in the agri-food industry. This review covers the most recent advances in this area, highlighting the importance of computer vision, artificial intelligence, and ultrasonography in evaluating quality and efficiency in meat products’ production and monitoring processes. Various techniques and methodologies used to evaluate quality parameters such as colour, water holding capacity (WHC), pH, moisture, texture, and intramuscular fat, among others related to animal origin, breed and handling, are discussed. In addition, the benefits and practical applications of the technology in the meat industry are examined, such as...

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de dos rangos del espectro electromagnético para ser usados en la predicción de las características fisicoquímica de la cáscara de café. Las muestras de cáscara de café se recogieron de dos lugares (Utcubamba y Rodriguez de Mendoza, subdivididas en tres variedades (catimor, caturra y típica), y tres periodos post-cosecha (menor a 24h, de 24 a 48h y más 48h), seleccionando 54 muestras en total. Las muestras se deshidrataron y molieron previo a su análisis proximal, después se adquirieron sus perfiles espectrales en los rangos [400 – 1000] nm y [1100 – 2500] nm. El modelado se realizó usando regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLSR). Se analizó las bondades de ajuste de los modelos con la validación y se determinó que los modelos para humedad, proteína, extracto libre de nitrógeno y fibra cruda, cenizas y en...

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de dos rangos del espectro electromagnético para ser usados en la predicción de las características fisicoquímica de la cáscara de café. Las muestras de cáscara de café se recogieron de dos lugares (Utcubamba y Rodriguez de Mendoza, subdivididas en tres variedades (catimor, caturra y típica), y tres periodos post-cosecha (menor a 24h, de 24 a 48h y más 48h), seleccionando 54 muestras en total. Las muestras se deshidrataron y molieron previo a su análisis proximal, después se adquirieron sus perfiles espectrales en los rangos [400 – 1000] nm y [1100 – 2500] nm. El modelado se realizó usando regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLSR). Se analizó las bondades de ajuste de los modelos con la validación y se determinó que los modelos para humedad, proteína, extracto libre de nitrógeno y fibra cruda, cenizas y en...

La crianza de ovinos tropicales en el ámbito de la región San Martín se va difundiendo desde el año 1986 con la introducción de la raza Pelibuey de Cuba. Esta raza se caracteriza por su rusticidad y muy buena adaptación a las condiciones climáticas del trópico peruano, por su poliestricidad y prolificidad (Depaz, 2004). La desventaja de esta raza es que no es buena productora de leche y carne; sin embargo, en el país se dispone de semen de ovino lechero de la raza East Friesian como alternativa para la mejora genética en condiciones del trópico. La inseminación artificial (IA) con semen congelado en ovinos juega un rol muy importante en los programas de mejoramiento genético, para acelerar el flujo de material genético que se introduce en poblaciones de inferiores características productivas. Siendo fundamental que la técnica reproductiva a usar garantice adecuadas tasas ...

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue la evaluación del rendimiento de forraje verde, biomasa, altura de planta y producción de grano de dos genotipos de Avena Sativa L. en 10 localidades; así como, la determinación del mejor estado fenológico para obtener silaje de alta calidad y cantidad en asociación Avena Sativa L - Vicia sativa L. en la sierra norte del Perú. Para la determinación de momento óptimo de cosecha se evaluaron tres tratamientos T1: Ensilado de avena en estado de floración + vicia (97 días), T2: Ensilado de avena en estado de grano lechoso + vicia en floración (120 días), T3: Ensilado de avena en estado de grano pastoso + vicia en llenado de vaina (152 días). El genotipo INIA 909 – Katekyl tuvo mejores resultados para rendimiento de forraje verde, biomasa y semilla con 59,8 t/ha, 14,1 t/ha y 1876 kg/ha respectivamente. Por otro lado, el T1 fue m...

Actualmente, el método más utilizado para la sincronización de la emergencia de la onda folicular para la superovulación en vacunos consiste en la aplicación de dispositivos con progesterona y estradiol (Mapletoft et al., 2000). No obstante, la necesidad de aplicaciones de FSH cada 12 h. es un factor de preocupación que debería ser solucionado y simplificado (Bo et al., 1994a). Una alternativa que no requiere la aplicación continua de la dosis de hormonas de superovulación es la gonadotrofina coriónica equina (eCG) que es un fármaco hormonal de media vida larga (hasta 3 días) producido en los cálices endometriales de la yegua preñada de 40 a 130 días (Murphy y Martinuk, 1991). En cambio, la hormona folículo estimulante (FSH) es extraída de la pituitaria de algunos animales domésticos, principalmente de porcinos y ovinos y por su difícil obtención, el precio en el merc...

To optimize cattle consumption and nutrition, it is essential to know the botanical characteristics of the pastures they consume. Therefore, the objective of the present research work was to evaluate the floristic composition, the productive performance of pastures and the productivity of dairy cattle on cattle farms in the inter-Andean valley of Cajamarca. The research was carried out in 10 dairy farms, under a mixed production system, with a stocking rate between 1.8 and 5.3 animal units per hectare. The floristic composition of the forage floor was determined using the “step transect” method to determine the desirable and undesirable species for livestock, considering the age of the pasture from 35 to 45 days and before grazing. A total of seven dominant species were found, of which Lolium multiflorum L. - “Cajamarquino ecotype”, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens are des...

El presente estudio determina la prevalencia de los huevos de Fasciola hepatica, Calicophoron spp. y la infección mixta en vacunos de crianza al pastoreo de seis poblados ganaderos del distrito de Florida, Amazonas (Perú). Mediante la técnica de sedimentación natural se examinaron 358 muestras fecales. La prevalencia de F. hepatica fue 69.83 % (IC 95% 65.08 – 74.59), seguido de Calicophoron spp. 60.34 % (IC 95% 55.27 – 65.40) y una prevalencia de infección mixta 41.62 % (IC95% 36.51 – 46.73). La presencia de huevos de F. hepatica no tuvo diferencias entre los poblados, las razas y el grupo etario (P>0.05). La presencia de Calicophoron spp. y la infección mixta con F. hepatica presentaron diferencias entre poblados y la raza (P<0.05), a diferencia del grupo etario que fueron similares estadísticamente (P>0.05). Se halló una alta prevalencia de huevos fecales de F. hepatica y...

Se seleccionaron los potreros de diez productores con Sistemas Silvopastoriles (SSP) semejantes: dos con sistemas Silvopastoriles de Alnus acuminata (SSP1), dos con Sistema Silvopastoril de Pinus patula (SSP2), dos con sistema Silvopastoril de Cupressus lusitánica (SSP3), dos con Sistema Silvopastoril de Ceroxylon quindiuense (SSP4) y dos bajo el Sistema a Campo Abierto (SCA), para evaluar la composición florística y calidad nutricional de las pasturas que se desarrollan en la cuenca ganadera de Molinopampa, Región Amazonas. En cada potrero se instalaron parcelas de 2 x 3 m; luego, la pastura se cortó a la edad de 60 días, se recolectaron 20 muestras de pastos, y se determinó la composición química. Los niveles de Digestibilidad In vitro de Materia Seca (DIVMS) fueron mejores resultados para el SCA (77.79 %), seguidos por SSP1 (69,19 %) y SSP3 (67.17 %), superando a SSP2 (58.13 ...

The rye (Secale cereale L.) crop shows a high potential to contribute to the sustainability of high Andean livestock because it supports the agroclimatic conditions and acid soils in the Peruvian Andes. The production of green forage, hay, and grain from the rye crop in acid soils was studied with the use of different levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization in four local rye ecotypes (CBI-001, CSM-001, CJS-001, and CCE-001). The green forage yield (GFY) ranged from 32.35 to 53.62 t ha−1, dry matter from 6.05 to 8.56 t ha−1, and hay from 7.0 to 10.36 t ha−1; nutritional levels ranged from 9.02% to 13.56% protein and 6.50% to 7.75% ash levels, mainly with differences between ecotypes (p < 0.05). No differences existed between fertilization levels for the number of stems per plant, spikes per plant, and grains per ear (p > 0.05). Also, CBI-001 and CCE-001 were superior with 1...

The rye (Secale cereale L.) crop shows a high potential to contribute to the sustainability of high Andean livestock because it supports the agroclimatic conditions and acid soils in the Peruvian Andes. The production of green forage, hay, and grain from the rye crop in acid soils was studied with the use of different levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization in four local rye ecotypes (CBI-001, CSM-001, CJS-001, and CCE-001). The green forage yield (GFY) ranged from 32.35 to 53.62 t ha−1, dry matter from 6.05 to 8.56 t ha−1, and hay from 7.0 to 10.36 t ha−1; nutritional levels ranged from 9.02% to 13.56% protein and 6.50% to 7.75% ash levels, mainly with differences between ecotypes (p < 0.05). No differences existed between fertilization levels for the number of stems per plant, spikes per plant, and grains per ear (p > 0.05). Also, CBI-001 and CCE-001 were superior with 1...

Objetivo: Evaluar el rendimiento, la tasa de crecimiento, la altura de la planta y los contenidos de proteína bruta, ceniza y fibra detergente neutro en seis genotipos de Medicago sativa L. en dos pisos altoandinos de los Andes del norte del Perú. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar. Se consideraron las variedades de M. sativa (SW10, W450, HORTUS 401, W350, SW8210 y STAMINO 5) como los tratamientos, distribuidos en tres bloques, repetidos en las dos localidades, con un total de 36 unidades experimentales. Se evaluó la composición química, el rendimiento de forraje verde y materia seca, la tasa de crecimiento y la altura de la planta en los seis genotipos y su interacción. El análisis de los indicadores productivos se realizó mediante un análisis de varianza. Además, se realizaron pruebas de correlación de Pearson para determinar la re...

Background: Evaluation of forage resources is vital for the sustainability of livestock farming in the South American Andes, especially under conditions of low water availability for irrigation and acid soils. Methods: We evaluated the productivity and nutritive value of two cultivars of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and one of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) in three high‐altitude sites (AL) of the northern highlands of Peru: AL‐I: 2300–2800 m.a.s.l, AL‐II: 2801–3300 m.a.s.l. and AL‐III: 3301–3800 m.a.s.l., for 1 year. The parameters evaluated were dry matter yield (DMY), plant height (PH), growth rate (GR) and nutritional value. Results: Plantain achieved the greatest annual DMY (ADMY), PH and GR compared to the two chicory cultivars (9.34, 9.56 and 13.39 Mg ha−1 for Puna II and Sese 100 chicory and Tonic plantain, respectively; p = 0.0019). The greatest ADMY and GR ...

Livestock farming feed in the northern highlands of Peru is based on the association of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) ecotype cajamarquino–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Ladino variety, which constantly varies in its agronomic characteristics and nutritional value due to management considerations and its association with the soil and the animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate yield, plant height, growth rate, tillering, tiller number, spikelets, basal diameter in ryegrass, elongation rate, internode length and decline points in clover over one year. Nutritive value was represented by crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and metabolisable energy (ME) at three cutting frequencies (30, 45 and 60 days). Better yield (5588 kg DM ha) and plant height (47.1 cm) were shown by the 60-day cutting frequency; however, t...

Livestock production in the basins of the northern macro-region of Peru has as its primary source pastures of Lolium multiflorum L. ‘Cajamarquino ecotype’ (ryegrass CE) in monoculture, or in association with white clover Ladino variety, for feeding. The objective of this research work was the morphological characterisation, yield evaluation, and cutting time evaluation of two local genotypes (LM-58 and LM-43) of Lolium multiflorum L. in six locations. An ANOVA was performed to compare fixed effects and interaction. It was determined that the LM-58 genotype is intermediate, growing semi-erect, with a dark green colouring and 0.8 cm broadleaf, and can reach an average stem length of 46 cm, up to 1.6 cm. day−1, achieving fourth-leaf growth at 28 days under appropriate management conditions. Despite the differentiated characteristics, according to BLASTn evaluation, the ITS1 sequences ...

Livestock production in the basins of the northern macro-region of Peru has as its primary source pastures of Lolium multiflorum L. ‘Cajamarquino ecotype’ (ryegrass CE) in monoculture, or in association with white clover Ladino variety, for feeding. The objective of this research work was the morphological characterisation, yield evaluation, and cutting time evaluation of two local genotypes (LM-58 and LM-43) of Lolium multiflorum L. in six locations. An ANOVA was performed to compare fixed effects and interaction. It was determined that the LM-58 genotype is intermediate, growing semi-erect, with a dark green colouring and 0.8 cm broadleaf, and can reach an average stem length of 46 cm, up to 1.6 cm. day−1, achieving fourth-leaf growth at 28 days under appropriate management conditions. Despite the differentiated characteristics, according to BLASTn evaluation, the ITS1 sequences ...