Background: Behavior change theories can identify people’s main motivations to engage in recommended health practices and thus provide better tools to design interventions, particularly human centered design interventions. Objectives: This study had two objectives: (a) to identify salient beliefs about walking three times a week for 30 minutes nonstop among patients with hypertension in a low-resource setting and, (b) to measure the relationships among intentions, attitudes, perceived social pressure and perceived behavioral control about this behavior. Methods: Face-to-face interviews with 34 people living with hypertension were conducted in September-October 2011 in Lima, Peru, and data analysis was performed in 2015. The Reasoned: Action Approach was used to study the people’s decisions to walk. We elicited people’s salient beliefs and measured the theoretical constructs associa...

PeerJ, 23(3), e1046

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence and risk of childhood overweight and obesity according to socioeconomic status in Peruvian and Vietnamese school-aged children. METHODS: Longitudinal data from the Young Lives study were analyzed. Exposure was wealth index in tertiles. Outcome was overweight and obesity. Cumulative incidence per 100 children-years, relative risks (RR), and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) were calculated. A hierarchical approach, including child- and family-related variables, was followed to construct multivariable models. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of overweight and obesity was 4.8 (95 % CI 4.1-5.5) and 1.7 (95 % CI 1.3-2.2) in the younger and older Peruvian cohort, respectively; and in Vietnam 1.5 (95 % CI 1.2-1.8) and 0.3 (95 % CI 0.2-0.5), respectively. The incidence of overweight and obesity was higher at the top wealth index tertile in all samples. In...

Objectives. We aimed to assess if Caesarean section is a risk factor for overnutrition in early- and late-childhood, and to assess the magnitude of the effect of child- versus family-related variables in these risk estimates. Methods. Longitudinal data from Peruvian children from the Young Lives Study was used. Outcomes assessed were overweight, obesity, overnutrition (overweight plus obesity), and central obesity (waist circumference) at the age 5 (first follow-up) and 7 (second follow-up) years. The exposure of interests was delivery by Caesarean section. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using multivariable models adjusted for child-related (e.g., birth weight) and familyrelated (e.g., maternal nutritional status) variables. Results. At baseline, mean age was 11.7 (± 3.5) months and 50.1% were boys. Children born by Caesarean section were 15.6%...

Background: Most analyses of gaps in human resources for health (HRH) do not consider training and the transition of graduates into the labour market. This study aims to explore the labour market for Peru’s recent medical, nursing, and midwifery graduates as well as their transition into employment in the Ministry of Health’s (MOH) system. Methods: Data from four different datasets, covering 2007–2013, was used to characterize the patterns of recently trained physicians, nurses, midwives, and postgraduate-trained physicians that enter employment in the MOH system, and scenario analyses were used to describe how this rate of entry needs to adapt in order to fill current HRH shortages. Results: HRH graduates have been increasing from 2007 to 2011, but the proportions that enter employment in the MOH system 2 years later range from 8 to 45% and less than 10% of newly trained medical s...

Article

Introduction: Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in developing countries are described in a profile of young age, with less comorbidities, with unifactorial, and with a lower mortality compared to patients in developed countries. Objective: To assess mortality in patients with acute kidney injury undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and its associated factors in a developing country setting. Methods: Retrospective study. Demographic, clinical, and mortality variables were collected from patients who presented AKI and underwent HD between January 2014 and December 2015 at a national reference hospital in Lima, Peru. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated through Poisson regressions. Results: Data from 72 patients with AKI that underwent HD were analyzed, 66.7% of them were < 64 years old, and 40.2% of all patients died undergoing HD. Crude analysis showed higher...

Food Policy, 115, 102412

Background: Several risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including obesity, are associated with behaviors established in infancy that persist throughout adolescence and adulthood. As such, adolescents should be engaged in the design and implementation of NCD prevention strategies. Community Context: In Lima, Peru’s capital, the proportion of adolescents aged 15 to 19 is 9.3% of the city’s population, and school enrollment rates are high. The prevalence of excess weight in Peruvian adolescents is 14.2%, and prevalence has not declined in recent years. Also recently, NCDs and their risk factors have gained more attention in public health and policy areas, with regulatory action focusing on healthful nutrition to address obesity and related NCDs. The Multiplicadores Jóvenes (Young Multipliers) project was conducted among adolescents aged 15 to 17 from 9 public secondary sc...

Objectives: The EZSCAN is a non-invasive device that, by evaluating sweat gland function, may detect subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis including studies assessing the performance of the EZSCAN for detecting cases of undiagnosed T2DM. Methodology/Principal findings: We searched for observational studies including diagnostic accuracy and performance results assessing EZSCAN for detecting cases of undiagnosed T2DM. OVID (Medline, Embase, Global Health), CINAHL and SCOPUS databases, plus secondary resources, were searched until March 29, 2017. The following keywords were utilized for the systematic searching: type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, EZSCAN, SUDOSCAN, and sudomotor function. Two investigators extracted the information for meta-analysis and assessed the quality of the data using the Revised ...

Objectives. To describe the availability and demand of professional training programs for eight health science professions in Peru. Study the profiles of the physicians, nurses and midwives that these programs train and their competencies to work at the primary health care level. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study using data on the volume of applicants, students and graduates of these eight professional training programs during the period 2007 - 2011. In addition, the curricula of professional training programs for physicians, nurses and midwives from public and private universities were analyzed, along with competency profiles developed by Professional Colleges and the Ministry of Health. Results. Admission rates in public and private universities vary by program: 4% and 28% respectively for medical schools, and 18% and 90% for nursing. Graduation rates were estimated at appro...

Introducción: El número de pacientes con enfermedad renal en etapa terminal (ERT) en terapia de reemplazo renal, principalmente hemodiálisis, ha aumentado sustancialmente en todo el mundo. Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que conllevan a ERT, como diabetes e hipertensión, son comunes en adultos mayores. La supervivencia de adultos mayores en hemodiálisis es pobre debido al efecto de varios factores incluyendo la edad, la atención tardía en nefrología y un inadecuado cuidado pre-hemodiálisis. Es importante comprender el patrón de mortalidad relacionado con la ERT en adultos mayores en nuestro país. Metodología: Se analizaron los pacientes adultos mayores con ERT en tratamiento con hemodiálisis, desde enero de 2012 hasta agosto 2017 en un hospital general en Perú. Se analizaron variables individuales y relacionadas con el sistema de salud, utilizando el modelo line...

Introducción: El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar motivadores y barreras para promover la disminución de la ingesta de sal en la dieta de hogares de Lima y Callao con vistas a desarrollar un plan de mercadeo social. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio secuencial. Participaron padres y madres de familia con niños entre 3 y 5 años de tres distritos, dos de alto y uno bajo nivel socioeconómico. La muestra fue no probabilística. En la primera fase se realizaron entrevistas y grupos focales utilizando guías semiestructuradas. En segunda, se enviaron encuestas a todos los padres de familia de las instituciones educativas. La información cualitativa y cuantitativa fue analizada por separado y luego sintetizadas. Resultados: Participaron 302 personas (82,5% mujeres), con edad promedio de 35 (DE=8.9). La mayoría expresó que eran las madres las encargadas de cocinar, aunque recibía...

Introduction Whilst the relationship between lipids and cardiovascular mortality has been well studied and appears to be controversial, very little has been explored in the context of rural-to-urban migration in low-resource settings. Objective Determine the profile and related factors for HDL-c patterns (isolated and non-isolated low HDL-c) in three population-based groups according to their migration status, and determine the effect of HDL-c patterns on the rates of cardiovascular outcomes (i.e. non-fatal stroke and non-fatal myocardial infarction) and mortality. Methods Cross-sectional and 5-year longitudinal data from the PERU MIGRANT study, designed to assess the effect of migration on cardiovascular risk profiles and mortality in Peru. Two different analyses were performed: first, we estimated prevalence and associated factors with isolated and non-isolated low HDL-c at baseline. S...

Background The long-term impact of elevated blood pressure on mortality outcomes has been recently revisited due to proposed changes in cut-offs for hypertension. This study aimed at assessing the association between high blood pressure levels and 10-year mortality using the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7) and the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2017 blood pressure guidelines. Methods Data of the PERU MIGRANT Study, a prospective ongoing cohort, was used. The outcome of interest was 10-year all-cause mortality, and exposures were blood pressure categories according to the JNC-7 and ACC/AHA 2017 guidelines. Log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were used to assess the associations of interest controlling for confounders. Hazard ratio...

En este artículo se discute la relación entre la salud mental y las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles; así como la posibilidad de atenderlas de manera integral en el sistema de salud peruano. En primer lugar se revisan los estimados de prevalencia y carga de enfermedad de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y desórdenes mentales a nivel mundial y en el Perú. Luego, se describe el impacto perjudicial de la depresión en la etiología así como en la progresión de la diabetes y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Posteriormente, se analiza la brecha en el acceso a la atención de la salud mental en el Perú y, finalmente, se exploran las alternativas para reducirla. De estas alternativas se enfatiza la integración de la salud mental en servicios de atención primaria como una forma viable de responder a las necesidades de atención de la población en general, y de las pers...

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.

Objective A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) as a potential intervention to reduce cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Methods Five engines and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to May 2018. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling adult hypertensive or general populations that compared detected hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), overall mortality, stroke and other CV risk factors in those receiving LSSS versus regular salt were included. Effects were expressed as risk ratios or mean differences (MD) and their 95% CIs. Quality of evidence assessment followed GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. Results 21 RCTs (15 in hypertensive (n=2016), 2 in normotensive (n=163) and 4 in mixed populations (n=5224)) were e...

Carta al editor que considera importante reconocer que las modificaciones de recomendaciones médicas en el contexto de una pandemia de tan rápido curso como la actual son perfectamente aceptables y no deben tener una connotación negativa, ya sea política o médica. Finalmente, creemos que el Perú se encuentra, por la capacidad de coordinación de políticas para el tratamiento de la COVID-19 en sus redes hospitalarias, en posición de ejecutar, de manera rápida, ensayos clínicos de alta calidad y gran escala para evaluar nuevas potenciales terapias para la COVID-19 de modo que se pueda contribuir al avance del conocimiento en la lucha mundial contra esta pandemia

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