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1
artículo
Este artículo ilustra el proceso de evaluación de impacto del Programa de Capacitación Laboral Juvenil ProJoven. El programa provee a los beneficiarios un entrenamiento básico de tres meses en ocupaciones de baja calificación así como oportunidades para hacer prácticas. El diseño de ProJoven promueve la igualdad de género incentivando la participación femenina en ocupaciones tradicionalmente dominadas por los hombres y subsidiando la participación de madres de familia. En complemento con el detallado trabajo de campo, el trabajo econométrico implementa un procedimiento de emparejamiento en dos etapas que incluye los propensity scores, en una primera etapa, y de género e ingresos laborales, en la segunda. El emparejamiento por género permite la identificación de impactos diferenciados para hombres y mujeres; por otro lado, el emparejamiento por ingresos ataca el problema de...
2
artículo
Este artículo ilustra el proceso de evaluación de impacto del Programa de Capacitación Laboral Juvenil ProJoven. El programa provee a los beneficiarios un entrenamiento básico de tres meses en ocupaciones de baja calificación así como oportunidades para hacer prácticas. El diseño de ProJoven promueve la igualdad de género incentivando la participación femenina en ocupaciones tradicionalmente dominadas por los hombres y subsidiando la participación de madres de familia. En complemento con el detallado trabajo de campo, el trabajo econométrico implementa un procedimiento de emparejamiento en dos etapas que incluye los propensity scores, en una primera etapa, y de género e ingresos laborales, en la segunda. El emparejamiento por género permite la identificación de impactos diferenciados para hombres y mujeres; por otro lado, el emparejamiento por ingresos ataca el problema de...
3
tesis de maestría
Publicado 2015
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Se persiguieron tres objetivos. Primero, identificar la forma en que JUNTOS entiende la pobreza de género. En segundo lugar, identificar los impactos positivos y negativos de JUNTOS en sus mujeres beneficiarias pobres. Tercero, identificar sugerencias para mejorar JUNTOS en materia de pobreza de género. Para lograr esto, se realizaron investigaciones de escritorio y entrevistas cualitativas con expertos locales peruanos en el campo. Los resultados muestran que JUNTOS carece de una lente de género, a pesar de avanzar en los medios de vida de las mujeres y de estar enmarcados en acuerdos de igualdad de género. Además, JUNTOS ha impactado tanto positiva como negativamente en las mujeres. Por un lado, JUNTOS ha proporcionado a las mujeres acceso a educación, salud, capacitación y empoderamiento personal. Por otro lado, JUNTOS ha elevado la pobreza de las mujeres con la carga de las co...
4
documento de trabajo
Has the Gender Wage Gap been Reduced during the 'Peruvian Growth Miracle?' A Distributional Approach
Publicado 2017
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Between 2004 and 2014 the Peruvian economy experienced a noticeable growth which surpassed most of Latin American countries during that period, leading some to quote this episode as the Peruvian Growth Miracle. Yet, growth of wages would not have been accompanied by an equally marked reduction in wage differentials between men and women despite government efforts to address this issue. Consequently, this study analyzes and decomposes the gender wage gap in Peru for 2004 and 2014 using the Machado and Mata (2005) decomposition method correcting for sample selection bias in the context of quantile regression (Albrecht et al. 2009). This allows to decompose the differential in terms of the endowment and treatment effect at each point of the income distribution instead of, as has been customary in previous studies for Peru, only at the average of the distribution. Using data from the Nationa...
5
artículo
Publicado 2020
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In order to fulfill their obligations to guarantee fundamental rights and reduce inequalities States have a series of options; one of them, the implementation of policies aimed at improving the standard of living of their population; that is how the concept of social security gains relevance, but not as a social policy under the charity paradigm but as a state management strategy, under the comprehension that social security is a fundamental right. In that sense, the present article aims to denote that social security regarding pensions has a significant impact on reducing inequality and as a consequence it is necessary to apprehend it as a public protection policy centered on the person for the realization of their rights, with the management and control of the State from the implementation of redistributive measures such as the universalization of non-contributory pensions but hand in ...
6
artículo
Publicado 2001
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Maternal mortality is one of the health indicators that more accurately expresses inequity and social exclusion. More than half a million maternal deaths occur annually worldwide. 99% happen in developing countries. Living in poverty limits women's access to economic resources, social and basic education. Thus, less able to make informed decisions on health and nutrition. Maternal mortality also expresses gender iniquity for decision-making, the basic rights and social services.
7
artículo
The reasons to reduce alcohol consumption may be defined as the causes leading a person to decrease alcohol consumption or to stay sober. This topic is not often widely studied, particularly in Latin American countries and at-risk populations. The aim of this sequential exploratory research was to explore, through an open question, the reasons why university students (N = 100) of the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina, changed their alcohol consumption. Additionally, the description was based on previous heavy episodic alcohol consumption, disorders caused by alcohol use, and participants’ gender. The results indicate that almost all studied groups reduced alcohol consumption due to their distaste or indifference for the substance. However, when disorders caused by alcohol use were severe or moderate, differences were observed. The theoretical contributions of this research are discussed...
8
artículo
Publicado 2022
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Wage disparities between men and women in both the formal and informal sectors in the central macro-region of Peru is a latent reality despite the constant concern of the government and social organizations in the country to reduce these wage gaps; Therefore, it is the subject of study and analysis in this research. In this sense, the established objective was to analyze the salary differences between men and women who work in the formal and informal sectors in the central macro region of Peru, for which ENAHO data and a methodology established by Mincer, Oaxaca-Blinder were used. and the Probit model that has allowed reaching the results that confirm the existence of a disproportionate salary disparity in the formal sector. This is because both men and women in the formal sector are better paid, but men are paid relatively more than women. The salary gap in the informal sector is small ...
9
artículo
Publicado 2025
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The coronavirus pandemic posed a major challenge to mental health. Existing evidence shows that COVID-19 is related to poor emotional well-being, particularly among women. However, most work on the subject uses single-country samples, limiting the ability to generalize the disparity or explain it as a function of societal variables. The present study investigates the expression of positive and negative emotions during the pandemic as a function of gender and across 24 countries (N = 49,637). Strong gender differences emerged across countries, with women reporting more negative emotions (anxious, depressed, nervous, exhausted) and less positive emotions (calm, content, relaxed, energetic) than men. The gender gap in positive emotions was significantly wider in countries higher in individualism and narrower in countries higher in power distance. For instance, differences in emotions we...
10
tesis de maestría
The effects of climate change on human beings are increasingly visible, and one of them is mobility. The discipline of climate mobilities is relatively a young one, and the study of gender within this is even more recent. Climate change can, sometimes, exacerbate existing inequalities. In response, experts argue that these vulnerability to climate change can be reduced to the extent that policies are carefully designed and implemented. Peru is a country highly vulnerable to climate change, not only because of its physical characteristics but also because of its socio-economic inequalities. Recent studies have shown the challenges of gender mainstreaming in climate policy and the limited coverage of mobility issues in Peru. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to greater attention to the gender perspective in the public debate on climate mobilities by analysing the nexus between clim...
11
artículo
Publicado 2023
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Institutional actions and policies implemented by universities hold the potential to significantly impact the inclusion of women in leadership roles within STEM fields. This article describes the methodological design approved by the local ethics committee to conduct the research in Brazil, with the primary objective of understanding the degree to which discursive productions on gender affect women’s career experiences and leadership paths within STEM fields in higher education. Discursive productions include structures of power such as university policies, climate, culture, and projects. It is expected that the work will provide valuable insights and support for researchers sharing similar goals and who work to reduce gender inequalities in STEM.
12
tesis doctoral
Publicado 2025
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This doctoral thesis investigates the relationship between informality, gender, and financial development and inclusion through two complementary empirical studies. The first paper is based on international data, it explores the long-run and short-run dynamics between informality, financial development, and financial inclusion using a dynamic heterogeneous panel data model applied to 152 countries over the period 2004–2017. The results suggest that greater financial inclusion and development significantly reduce informality in the long run, particularly in developing countries, although the strength and significance of these effects vary across regions. The second paper focuses on Peru, where informality is persistent and tends to affect women more. Using data from the Peruvian National Household Survey (ENAHO) and classifying informal workers into type-S (structural) and type-N (non-s...
13
artículo
Publicado 2019
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The author exposes, from a criminological perspective, the causes of gender and intrafamily violence and analyzes whether the criminal response is effective in preventing and reducing this type of violence. It proposes criminological policy guidelines to face the increase of these aggressive behaviors that erode the family nucleus and therefore the social base.
14
artículo
Publicado 2022
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Depression and anxiety are common in adolescents, and poor mental health in this group leads to harm in adulthood. This study investigates to what extent gender, age, body image dissatisfaction, and self-esteem were related to depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. The sample consisted of 1,209 high school students of both sexes, aged 13-19 years (M = 15.8; SD = 1.23). The instruments were: sociodemographic questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Stunkard Figure Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that being female and having low or moderate self-esteem satisfactorily explained the anxiety symptoms. Reduced self-esteem was the best explanation for depressive symptoms, and finally, reduced rates of self-esteem satisfactorily explained symptoms for both disorders.
15
artículo
Publicado 2025
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Objective: To analyze the association between the division of domestic housework and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) during the COVID-19 pandemic in mothers of preschool children. Materials and methods: This cohort study included mothers who had children in 2019 in the municipality of Rio Grande, southern Brazil. These women were followed up in 2020. The presence of GAD was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, and the division of domestic housework was evaluated with the "Division of Labor by Gender" instrument. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted. Bivariate associations were tested using Pearson's chi-square (x2), while multivariate analyses were performed using Poisson regression to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: A total of 908 mothers from the 2019 Rio Grande Birth Cohort participated ...
16
artículo
Publicado 2025
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En los últimos años, Chile ha incrementado el acceso de las mujeres a la universidad, especialmente en programas de educación y salud ligados a roles de género. Este estudio analiza la elección de carrera de 672 estudiantes secundarios, al evaluar factores internos (sexismo ambivalente, autoeficacia y motivación educacional) mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales multigrupo y datos de matrícula del Ministerio de Educación. La fiabilidad del modelo se validó con CFI, TLI, SRMR y RMSEA. Los resultados revelan diferencias de género: el sexismo ambivalente condiciona las decisiones de los hombres, mientras que la autoeficacia influye en las de las mujeres. Estos hallazgos destacan la necesidad de fortalecer la orientación profesional, al potenciar la autoeficacia femenina y reducir los estereotipos masculinos para diversificar las aspiraciones profesionales.
17
tesis de grado
Publicado 2017
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La presente investigación es de tipo aplicada, de enfoque cuantitativo, de nivel descriptivo y el diseño es no experimental de corte transaccional descriptivo. El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar el nivel de sexismo en los participantes del programa “servicio de hombres que renuncian a su violencia” de la Gerencia de la Mujer de la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima y la muestra estuvo conformada por 60 varones, para lo cual se les aplicó la Escala de Sexismo General (ESG) adaptada en el Perú por Guevara Cynthia, Pérez Mercedes y Romero Sheyla en el 2015. Se obtuvo como resultado que 37 varones presentaron un nivel de tendencia alta y 23 un nivel alto de sexismo, es por ello que se elaboró un programa de intervención con el objetivo de reducir el nivel de sexismo de los participantes de la muestra.
18
artículo
Publicado 2012
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Like other countries in the region, femicide—the gender-based murdering of women—has been incorporated into Peruvian law as a criminal offense. This inclusion is the result of the government and civil society organizations interest in producing policies aimed at reducing gender-based violence, and it has emerged as a result of a debate regarding «the increase in femicide» and the systematic appearance of media stories and official reports warning of an exponential growth. This article focuses upon the problem of femicide in Peru through a comparative approach. The aim is to account for the incidence of femicide in sociometric terms and demonstrate that this is not a phenomenon of exponential growth in epidemiological terms. This is achieved through the recognition of two issues: on the one hand, the way indicators are produced for criminal record figures and the ways these are meas...
19
artículo
Publicado 2018
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The relation between trade and gender is complex, and has not been deeply analysed in the case of Latin American countries. Mainstream economics argue that trade is gender-neutral, but the discussion should focus whether trade policy could be oriented to foster women’s economic inclusion. It is well known that, with the adequate policies, women’s economic empowerment could positively impact economic growth and reduce poverty, and therefore, trade policy may become an instrument to achieve this objective. The Pacific Alliance, a novel integration scheme, has considered women economic inclusion into their work and objectives.In this article, we aim to review trade policies implemented at regional and domestic level amongst the four Pacific Alliance member countries: Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. For this, the article is divided as follows. The first section reviews the literature o...
20
artículo
Publicado 2018
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El objetivo de este artículo es tanto analizar los determinantes de la probabilidad de contratar trabajo del hogar remunerado, como estimar la función de demanda de estos servicios por parte de los hogares. Dado que la mayoría de los trabajadores del hogar se encuentra en el sector urbano, vamos a analizar solamente la demanda de trabajo del hogar remunerado en dicho sector. Para esto emplearemos la Encuesta Nacional de Uso del Tiempo (ENNUT) y la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO), para el año 2010, y la ENAHO del año 2016. En cuanto a la probabilidad de contratar trabajo del hogar remunerado, encontramos que si bien la contratación de trabajo del hogar remunerado «cama adentro» se está reduciendo en relación al THR «cama afuera», este persiste en los hogares «mayores» y con más ingresos, mientras los hogares más jóvenes contratan en su mayoría trabajadoras de...
