Objectives: To determine and compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Peruvian population living below1000 m and over 3000 m. Design: Data analysis of Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquimicos, Socioeconomicosy Culturales Relacionados a las Enfermedades Cronicas Degenerativas 2006. Setting: Instituto Nacional de Salud Centro Nacional deAlimentacion y Nutricion, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú. Participants: Subjects 20 year-old and above. Methods: We included 3384participants aged 20 year-old and above, 2425 living below 1000 m (level-1) and 959 over 3000 m (level-2). Metabolic syndrome wasdefined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. Main outcomemeasures: Metabolic syndrome and components prevalence. Results: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higherin level-...

Objective: To determine the coexistence of nutritional problems in public school children 6 to 9 years of age. Material and Methods: In 241 children of Matucana, Santa Eulalia and Lima public schools the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Must et al. classification was used for nutritional diagnosis in order to respectively define deficient, low weight, normal weight, overweight and obesity. Chronic malnutrition was determined using the National Center for Health Statistics (NCSH) and anemia by less than 12 g/dL hemoglobin, adding 0,4 g/dL for each 1000 meters above sea level. Results: Children with chronic malnutrition, overweight, obesity and nutritional anemia represented 22,4, 14,1, 10,0 and 69,3% of the population studied. From those with chronic malnutrition 11,1, 9,3 and 66,7% showed overweight, obesity and anemia; and from the anemic children, 16,8 and 12,6% showed overweight ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Chronic Malnutrition (CM), overweight and obesity among n rural area-peruvian children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1830 children of both sexes (aged 6 to 9 years) and who inhabit rural areas of Peru were studied. Body Mass Index (BMI) (w/h 2) was calculated. For CM determining the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standard reference with the lesser than -2 SD diagnosis criterion was used. For BMI analysis Percentile Must et al classification was used, having as diagnosis values <5, 5-15, 15-85, 85-95, and >95 percentile, for deficit,low weight, normal, overweight, and abesity respectively. RESULTS: 49% of children presented CD. 10,4% had overweight and 2% obesity. Of children having CD 11,3% presented overweight and 2,2% had obesity. BMI correlation levels are high with weight (r=0,6) and low with height (r= 1). Linear Regression An...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of nutritional anemia in women with overweight and obesity and the behaviour of deposit ratios. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred seventy nine women, 20 to 59 years of age and are attended at Dos de Mayo Hospital for overweight and obesity, were studied. All were weighted, heighted and their arm perimeter (AP) and skinfold triceps (ST) measured, as well as the muscular and fat areas (FA). At random 74 women were selected for hemoglobin study. Overweight and obesity I and II were diagnosed by means of Quetelet Index (QI). Anemia was determined by HB below 12 gr/dL. RESULTS: Anthropometric indicators raise in accordance with QI increase, the same does not occur with HB values. QI presented by overweight and obese women as shows a statistically significant correlation with weight, AP,ST and FA; the HB has a very low correlation and significance. Anemi...

We have studied the nutritional status of schoolchildren by arm anthropometric ratios. 1 525 children between 6 - 9 years of age were studied. The data is a representative sample of Peru, and belongs to the Survey of Nutritional Status of the Peruvian Inhabitant (Estado Nutricional del Poblador Peruano «ENPPE»). The ratios are Arm Circumference (AC) and Triceps Skinfold (TS) related with age. With AC and TS, Arm Muscle Area (AMA) and Arm Fat Area (AFA) were calculated. Measures were taken following the recommended international methodology. The reference sample used was the Frisancho´s one. About 44% and 23% of children have an AC and TS smaller than 10p, respectively. In both ratios the prevalence of children over 90p does not exceed 3%. For AFA, 32,6% of girls and 25,9% of boys are below 10th; for AMA, male have the largest prevalence (32,3%; female 27,7%). Prevalence over 90p does ...

It was studied 259 pregnant women corresponding to I (45), II (88) and III (126) trimesters, being 56 adolescent. The nutritional assessment was made from an anthropometic and biochemical point of view. The following measures were taken: weight, height, brachial perimeter (AP) and triceps skinfold thickness (TST); with the first two the Quetelet Index (IQ) was calculated and with the latter ones the muscular area (MA) and fat area (FA). Biochemically the hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrite (Ht) was dosed; those women under 11 g/dl were considered anemics.Most pregnant have IQ within normal levels for non-pregnant reference. Remaining pregnant prevails overweight and obesity of temporal type. In deposit ratios occurs something similar to the IQ, with the difference that deficit predominates.Sixty percent are anemic, 33,65 and 66%, corresponding to the I, II and III trimesters of pregnancy, re...

Introduction. Waist circumference is an important anthropometric measure in the study of obesity, but there is no reference from a national population. Objective. To present a smoothed reference percentile and to show some characteristics of variables studied. Design. Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study. Participants. Teenagers. Interventions. Waist circumference was measured in 8 236 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years old. Main outcome measures. Averages, standard deviation and prevalence of cardiovascular risk. Results. A national reference of waist circumference values is presented and the value corresponding to the 90 percentile is taken as cutoff level to identify adolescents with cardiovascular risk. Of the population studied, 12% were at risk. Those presenting higher risk were the male adolescents (12.1%), those living in urban areas (15.9%), in the Southern Coast (27.1...

Introduction. Our country’s transition is the non-westernized type, because problems that have not been solved persist (nutritional deficiencies) along with emerging problems (overweight and obesity). Objective. To describe the presence of coexisting chronic malnutrition (CM) with obesity (O), nutritional anemia (NA) and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and obesity (O) with NA and VAD in children under the age of 5. Design. Secondary analysis of the MONIN 2007-2010 survey. Setting. National study. Participants. Children under the age of 5. Interventions. A total of 3 764 children were weighed and measured. Hemoglobin dosage was obtained in 2 808 children, serum retinol in 1 524. Hb below 11 g / dL was diagnosed as NA. Correction by altitude was taken into account. The cutoff for VAD was serum retinol <20 ug/dL. The relation of CM and O with height/age ratio and weight/height, with cutting...

In the 21st century, the world is undergoing a series of changes known as transitional, which are reflected in the economic, demographic, epidemiological, environmental and even nutritional fields. This dynamic is given with some diversity in countries where in some countries it has already been installed for many years, while in others, such as ours, its presence occurs in large urban areas and to a lesser extent in rural areas.

Obesity is a chronic disease presenting in all population groups and with a tendency to a time-driven increase. The highest prevalence occurs in the adult population followed by the school, pre-school and adolescent group. Those living in urban areas, women and those not considered as poor are the most affected. Obesity is already present throughout the world and has been declared the epidemic of the 21st century. Its presence is related to diseases such as diabetes mellitus 2, hypertension, dyslipidemias and some types of cancer. Complications such as insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are already present in adolescents. Factors that condition changes in lifestyles (dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyle) are increasingly prevalent and with a trend for more presence in the future, which makes the obesity panorama look bleak. Despite all the recommendations made by international...

Introduction. Vitamin D deficiency is considered a public health problem in other countries. Has been reported that this deficiency is related to the risk of developing metabolic diseases. Methods. Study descriptive, crosssectional design in 110 adult women of Lima Metropolitana. The Body Mass Index (MBI) was calculated to define the nutritional status. Blood levels of insulin, glucose, lipid profile and 25 (OH) D (vitamin D) were determined. It was calculated Homeostatic Model of Assessment Index (HOMA-I). Was calculated and to define insulin resistance (IR) a HOMA-I ≥ 2,7. For the deficiency of 25 (OH)-D, the cut-off point was 30 ng/mL for the intake of vitamin D a frequency of consumption was used. The identification of dyslipidemias was made as recommended by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Results. In patients with vitamin D deficiency, the average a...

Introduction. Obesity is considered a public health problem. Its presence at an early age implies an obligation to identify the onset of complications such as insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods. Observational, descriptive and transversal study. Participated 1206 teenage women. Obesity was defined with BMI values ≥95p according WHO. Serum levels of insulin, glucose and lipid profile were determined. T≥≤h e43 0,H1 m6o mgto/ed odLse,t fahinsigiesh i MnCso-uLdlDeinlL o r≥ef sA 1iss3tsa0en smcmege (/n Rdt IIL)n. daFneodxr (hdHyyOpsleMiptrAiidg-eIl)ym cwieaarssid: uehsmyepidae, r≥ucsh 1ion3lge0 s tmhteegr o/MdleaLmt.t hTiaeh we≥ so 2be0qe0su eam ttigeo/endn wLa,ig tlheo rwtsh ewH viDtahLl u-RCeI underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (PTG): glycemia of 140 to 199 mg / dL intolerant to glucose and ≥ 200 mg/dL as diabetic. Results 25,1% (303) of the population...

Introduction. Obesity is a public health problem; the objective of the present study was to determine the national prevalence and distribution of overweight (S), obesity (O) and abdominal obesity (OA), in Peru. Methods. An observational study was conducted through the analysis of the National Household Survey 2012-2013 in which 20488 adults were evaluated. The nutritional diagno≥sis was determined considering the thWeHO eva boluatidy maon oss if OndeA thx: 1e 8wa,5ist toc 2i4rc,9u nmfeo rermalnc, 2e 5≥ to 10 <32 c0 ovem for merweighn at, and nd ≥ 88 to c 3m fo0 kg/m2r wo omebensi waty. Ls ciokensiwidesere, fod.r Results. The national prevalence of overweight was 40,5% and obesity 19,7%, with a total of 60,2% of adult population with excess weight. 23,4% of O were women and 15,7% were men; OA in women was 51,2% and 14,8% in men. The departments with the highest prevalence of exce...

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic disease, which is considered as a public health problem. It affects a large number of people and requires governmental policies that encourage this situation. Objective: To determine the variations in the frequencies of non-morbid obesity (NMO) and morbid obesity (MO) according with different national surveys, and in function of socio-demographic variables. Methods: A descriptive study with data of five national surveys: Nutritional Evaluation of the Peruvian Population (ENPPE 1975), National Survey of Nutritional, Biochemical, Socio-economic and Cultural Indicators (CENAN 2005), National Household Survey (ENAHO 2009-2010) and National Household Survey (ENAHO 2012-2013). NMO was identified by a BMI of 30 to 39.99 kg/m2 and MO was defined by a BMI equal to or greater than 40 kg/m2. Results: The frequency of NMO has...

Introduction. Childhood obesity is a Public Health problem in our country; instead of that, the situation of population aged between 10-19 years-old has been poorly studied. Objective. To determine the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in Peruvian adolescents. Methods. A secondary study of data from the National Household Survey 2009-2010. The Body Mass In ≥ dex (BMI) was used to define obesity as a BMI value 95 percentile. Severe obesity (SO) was defined using two criteria, BMI ≥ 99 p and 120% of the value corresponding to 95p of BMI. Results. 7,6% presented obesity, and 2,4 and 1,4% were diagnosed with SO according to the mentioned criteria. The highest prevalence of SO was evidenced in men (3% vs. 1,8%), age group of 10 to 14 years-old (3,4% vs. 2%), people who are living in Lima Metropolitana (4,2% vs. 2,4%), or in a urban area (3,2% vs. ...

Objective. To determine in the adult population of Peru, the characteristics of abdominal obesity and its relationship with different levels of geographic altitude, according to gender, age groups, nutritional status, and area of residence. Methods. A descriptive study was carried out based on secondary sources: National Household Survey (ENAHO 2012-2013) of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) and Ministry of Health Lima, Peru. Abdominal obesity was identified by waist circumference and waist / height ratio. The altitude was stratified into 3 levels: <1000 meters above sea level, from 1000 to 2999 meters above sea level, and ≥ 3000 m.a.s.l. Results. The highest prevalence of abdominal obesity was found in the female gender (48,2% - 87,4%), in the age group from 40 to 59 years (38,4% - 89,5%), in the obese (85,9% - 99,9%), an...

Objective. To determine the cardiovascular risk factors in overweight schoolchildren and to measure their association with sociodemographic variables. Methods: Cross-sectional, analytical study. 2001 female schoolchildren from 6 to 17 years of age from an Educational Center in Metropolitan Lima were surveyed. The Body Mass Index was used for the diagnosis of excess weight (overweight between 85 and 95p and obesity ≥ 95p) and the Waist Circumference for abdominal obesity (≥ 90p). HOMA-I for insulin resistance (≥ 3,16) and for lipid abnormalities: total cholesterol (≥ 200 mg / dL), low HDL-C (≤ 40 mg/dL), high LDL-C (≥ 130 mg / dL), non-HDL C (≥ 145 mg / dL) and triglycerides (≥ 100 and 130 mg / dL) for girls younger than 9 and 10 to 19 years old, respectively. Results: Excess weight occurred mainly in schoolgirls aged 10 to 17 years,...

Objective. To describe the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free plasma thyroxine (FT4) in school students with overweight and obesity; also determine the association between TSH and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods. 96 women schoolchildren, between 7 to 17 years old, euthyroid, were studied. Overweight BMI was defined as 85 to <95p and obesity ≥95p. Glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high and low density cholesterol, TSH and FT4 were determined. To define the subgroups, a value of 75p of TSH was chosen. Results. Anthropometric variables and TSH was significantly higher among obese women, however, biochemical variables did not differ between groups. Those who were overweight and had a TSH> 75p had significantly higher waist circumference (WC) measurements, compared to the TSH <75p group, with no difference in th...

Introduction: Severe obesity (SO) has been studied very little in Peru. Objective: To determine the prevalence of SO according to two diagnostic criteria and its relationship to socio-demographic and cardiovascular risk factors in the child population. Methods: BMI was used, defining as obesity at a value ≥ ≥ at 95p and SO at: ≥ 99p and ≥ 120% of 95p, respectively (n=2001). For dyslipidemias the following: hypercholesterolemia 200 mg/dL, C-HDL under ≤ 40 mg/dL, C non HDL high ≥ 145 mg/dL, High C-LDL ≥ 130 mg/dL and hypertriglyceridemia for children under 9 ≥ to 100 mg/dL and 10 to 19 years ≥ 130 mg/dL and insulin resistance (RI) with a HOMA-I ≥3.16 (n=344). Results: 31,5% were obese. 12,8% SO with the first criterion and 7,7% with the second criterion. In both SO criteria it had association with age groups (OR: 0,55 IC 0,4-0,89) and (OR: 0,62 IC 0,43-0,89). Alteration...

Introduction. 13% of the general population is older than 60 years. Objective. To determine the nutritional status of the elderly and its evolution over time (2005-2013). Methods. Study based on secondary sources: ENIN 2005 and ENAHO 2012-2013. The diagnosis was made by estimating the body mass index < 23 deficit, 23 to 26.9 normal, 27 to 31.9 overweight and ≥ 32 kg/m2 obesity. Women with waist circumference ≥ 88 cm and men ≥ 102 cm were considered high cardiovascular risk. Results. In ENIN the deficit was 30.4 %, overweight 17.5 % and obesity 8.7 %, while in ENAHO 28.8 %, 18,9 % and 9.5%, respectively. The deficit affected more men (33.1 % vs 29.1 %). Their prevalence increased as age and altitude level increased. Overweight was more frequent in women (21.4 % vs 20.2 %) as well as obesity (13.5 % vs 13.3 %), in both the behavior with age and altitude levels were similar since t...