La fitorremediación es una estrategia biológica para restaurar los pasivos ambientales mineros, por cuya razón, durante dos ciclos fenológicos de plantas en floración (2012 – 2013) en cuatro relaves mineros del altiplano de la región Puno se diagnosticaron plantas acumuladoras de metales. Objetivo: Identificar y categorizar las plantas metalofitas. Material y métodos: La prospección de plantas fue en una superficie de 10m x 10m, en cambio, el muestreo geobotánico se hizo en un pie cúbico del sustrato suelo-raíz (15cm x 15cm x 15cm). La identificación de plantas se basó en el uso de claves dicotómicas y la categorización de plantas se procesó a través del paquete estadístico SAS. Resultados: Se han identificado 13 especies de plantas, agrupadas en cuatro familias: Apiaceae (1), Asteraceae (6), Poaceae (5) y Rosaceae (1); la acumulación de metales en suelo-planta y ra�...

La fitorremediación es una estrategia biológica para restaurar los pasivos ambientales mineros, por cuya razón, durante dos ciclos fenológicos de plantas en floración (2012 – 2013) en cuatro relaves mineros del altiplano de la región Puno se diagnosticaron plantas acumuladoras de metales. Objetivo: Identificar y categorizar las plantas metalofitas. Material y métodos: La prospección de plantas fue en una superficie de 10m x 10m, en cambio, el muestreo geobotánico se hizo en un pie cúbico del sustrato suelo-raíz (15cm x 15cm x 15cm). La identificación de plantas se basó en el uso de claves dicotómicas y la categorización de plantas se procesó a través del paquete estadístico SAS. Resultados: Se han identificado 13 especies de plantas, agrupadas en cuatro familias: Apiaceae (1), Asteraceae (6), Poaceae (5) y Rosaceae (1); la acumulación de metales en suelo-planta y ra�...

This study aimed to determine the effect of the energy / protein ratio of supplementary feed rations (RAS) on the production and characteristics of milk under natural hypobaric conditions (4300 m altitude in Puno, Peru). A total of 24 Brown Swiss cows in first and second third of lactation were distributed in three RAS with three ratios of metabolizable energy / protein (RAS1: 17.0 kcal/g; RAS2: 14.2 kcal/g; RAS3: 12.4 kcal/g) and as a protein source three levels of hydrolysed sheep and alpaca skins – Pioval-2® (0, 3 and 6%, respectively) and three levels of extruded whole soymeal (0, 10 and 25%, respectively). The cows were grazing on alfalfa associated with rye grass and supplemented with oat silage. Daily milk yield (DMY) was recorded for 45 days, as well as density (DE), total solids (TS), fat (FA) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) at 0, 15, 30 and 45 days. The RAS did not affect the D...

This study aimed to determine the effect of the energy / protein ratio of supplementary feed rations (RAS) on the production and characteristics of milk under natural hypobaric conditions (4300 m altitude in Puno, Peru). A total of 24 Brown Swiss cows in first and second third of lactation were distributed in three RAS with three ratios of metabolizable energy / protein (RAS1: 17.0 kcal/g; RAS2: 14.2 kcal/g; RAS3: 12.4 kcal/g) and as a protein source three levels of hydrolysed sheep and alpaca skins – Pioval-2® (0, 3 and 6%, respectively) and three levels of extruded whole soymeal (0, 10 and 25%, respectively). The cows were grazing on alfalfa associated with rye grass and supplemented with oat silage. Daily milk yield (DMY) was recorded for 45 days, as well as density (DE), total solids (TS), fat (FA) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) at 0, 15, 30 and 45 days. The RAS did not affect the D...

The effect of the level of inclusion of trout residues silage (ERT) on lamb ration on daily feed intake (CMD), daily gain (GMD), feed efficiency (ICA) and the taste of lamb meat was evaluated. Thirty lambs were distributed in three treatments (0, 4 and 8% ERT) considering 5 replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment (84 days) the lambs were slaughtered, and a taste panel evaluation was performed. The results showed that the highest level of ERT in the ration reduced CMD (2.08, 2.01 vs. 1.65 kg/day for 0, 4 and 8% for ERT, respectively, p<0.001) and GMD (0.25, 0.28 vs 0.23 kg/day, p<0.03), while the ICA improved (8.49 vs. 7.28, 7.07 kg:kg, p<0.001). In addition, the inclusion of ERT in the ration did not affect the taste of lamb meat. It is concluded that the ERT in the fattening rations of sheep improves the productive yield without affecting the taste of the meat.

Se utilizó una arcilla natural con alto contenido de montmorillonita, proveniente de la región central del Perú, la cual fue modificada a través de un tratamiento termoácido para mejorar su capacidad de adsorción de metales disueltos, en un efluente minero proveniente de la bocamina Gayco en la Compañía Minera Raura. Durante 5 días fueron colocados 4 bloques secuenciales de arcilla modificada en una canaleta y se realizó el análisis diario del agua, antes y después del filtrado, para registrar la concentración de minerales disueltos y totales (Cu, Zn y Fe). Según los resultados, la concentración de Cu disuelto tendió a reducirse en el agua filtrada (p<0.11), mientras que el Zn (p<0.01) y el Fe disuelto (p<0.05) redujeron significativamente su concentración. En el análisis de la concentración total de metales, solo el Zn se redujo en el agua filtrada (p<0.05). En conclu...

The effect of the level of inclusion of trout residues silage (ERT) on lamb ration on daily feed intake (CMD), daily gain (GMD), feed efficiency (ICA) and the taste of lamb meat was evaluated. Thirty lambs were distributed in three treatments (0, 4 and 8% ERT) considering 5 replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment (84 days) the lambs were slaughtered, and a taste panel evaluation was performed. The results showed that the highest level of ERT in the ration reduced CMD (2.08, 2.01 vs. 1.65 kg/day for 0, 4 and 8% for ERT, respectively, p<0.001) and GMD (0.25, 0.28 vs 0.23 kg/day, p<0.03), while the ICA improved (8.49 vs. 7.28, 7.07 kg:kg, p<0.001). In addition, the inclusion of ERT in the ration did not affect the taste of lamb meat. It is concluded that the ERT in the fattening rations of sheep improves the productive yield without affecting the taste of the meat.

Con la finalidad de determinar el efecto del nivel de inclusión de ensilado de residuos de trucha (ERT) en el alimento sobre el peso vivo, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia en cerdos, así como en el sabor de su carne, se plantearon tres tratamientos: un testigo (T1, 0%) y dos con niveles de 5% (T2) y 10% (T3) de inclusión de ERT en la ración, donde cada tratamiento se hizo con cinco réplicas. Se utilizaron 30 cerdos machos enteros de 45 días de edad (York-Duroc-Landrace). Los alimentos de crecimiento y engorde fueron similares en proteína (PB) y energía metabolizable (EM) (crecimiento: 16.0% PB y 3.20 Mcal/kg EM y engorde: 13.0% PB y 3.20 Mcal/kg EM) y fueron administrados durante 98 días. Se determinó el peso vivo, el consumo de alimento y la conversión alimenticia a los 56 y 98 días. Al final se realizó una prueba sensorial para evaluar el sabor de la carne. A ...

The study aimed to determine the effect of the level of inclusion of silage from trout residues (ERT) in concentrate feed on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion of pigs and taste of pig meat. Three treatments were applied: a control (T1, 0%) and two treated groups with 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of ERT in the ration, with five replicates per treatment. Thirty non-castrated male pigs (York-Duroc-Landrace) of 45 days of age were used. Feeds for the growing and finishing phase were formulated to be similar in protein (CP) and energy (ME) content (growing: 16.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg and finishing: 13.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg) and were administered ad libitum during 98 days. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion rate were determined at 56 and 98 days. In addition, a sensory test of meat was carried out at the end of the study to evaluate the taste of the meat. The results at day 98 ...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two feeding regimes (7 vs 6 d) and three commercial foods (TO= Tomasino®, NA= Naltech® and SA= Salmofood®) on the productive-commercial performance and organ development. of rainbow trout in the fattening phase under conditions of Lake Titicaca, Peru. A total of 1080 trout of 185 g live weight (LW), 26.5 cm total length (TL) and 1.00 body condition index (BCI) were randomly placed in 36 1.2x1.2x1.6 m nylon cages (30 trout/cage). The control of productive parameters (LW, TL and feed consumption) was carried out at 30, 60 and 90 d. The BCI, the mean daily feed intake (DFI), the mean daily weight gain (DWG) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. The carcass yield (CY), fillet yield (FY), pigmentation (MP) and the relative weight of the organs were determined at 215 d. The feeding regime did not affect the LW, TL and BCI, ...

The study aimed to determine the effect of the level of inclusion of silage from trout residues (ERT) in concentrate feed on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion of pigs and taste of pig meat. Three treatments were applied: a control (T1, 0%) and two treated groups with 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of ERT in the ration, with five replicates per treatment. Thirty non-castrated male pigs (York-Duroc-Landrace) of 45 days of age were used. Feeds for the growing and finishing phase were formulated to be similar in protein (CP) and energy (ME) content (growing: 16.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg and finishing: 13.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg) and were administered ad libitum during 98 days. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion rate were determined at 56 and 98 days. In addition, a sensory test of meat was carried out at the end of the study to evaluate the taste of the meat. The results at day 98 ...

Puno is the first rainbow trout producing region in Peru. The objective of the study was to study the feasibility of giving added value to trout. The cost analysis and financial viability of the production of six types of canned pickled trout preserves were considered. The fillets were obtained from trout fed with three commercial foods (Salmofood®, Naltech® and Tomasino®) and the preserves had two presentations (can vs. glass). The production costs were calculated through a documented record of data at market prices. The general theory of production costs was applied and through the cash flow financial tool the profitability indicators were found. The financial net present value (NPVf) was positive for all six presentations. The internal rate of return (IRR), both for canning (34.5, 37.5 and 42.8%) and for glass canning (34.7, 38.2 and 44.3%) was higher than the opportunity cost of c...

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the type of egg yolk (quail-YC vs hen-YG) on the quality of frozen paco (Piaractus brachypomus) semen (volume, colour, concentration, motility, vitality and fertility). Eighteen breeders (15 males and 3 females) were used, whose spermiation and ovulation, respectively, were induced with carp pituitary extract. Semen was collected by massaging the abdomen of the fish. Fresh semen was evaluated and then diluted with a cryoprotective solution that included YC or YG. Diluted semen was frozen and thawed at 30 days for post-thaw evaluation and fertility testing. A notable decrease in seminal parameters was found due to the effect of freezing. Motility was lower for YC compared to YG (14.8 vs. 18.8%; p<0.05), while vitality (31 vs. 28.8%), activation time (1.4 vs. 1.3 min) and fertility (18.4 vs. 20.4%) were similar between groups. In ...

El objetivo fue evaluar la posibilidad de mitigar las emisiones de metano entérico (CH4) en vacas lecheras mediante la suplementación de alimento concentrado fibroso durante el periodo seco del año; para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 36 vacas lecheras en lactación, divididas en dos grupos iguales de 18 vacas. La alimentación de las vacas consistió en asociación de alfalfa y pastos cultivados dactilis, heno y ensilado de avena, y suplementación con concentrado fibroso en el grupo experimental. El concentrado fibroso se produjo a partir de forrajes fibrosos de desecho y se procesó mecánicamente (avena, totora, alfalfa y paja de cañigua) hasta un tamaño de partícula de 12 mmØ, mezclado con algunos ingredientes molidos (granos de desecho, harina de algodón y soja, harina de pescado, melaza, sal y vitaminas y minerales). Las emisiones entéricas de CH4 se estimaron mediante ...

The aim of this study was to determine the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) and growth (MEg) of llamas and alpacas, by the comparative slaughter technique, at 4200 m above sea level. Twenty male llamas (106.6 ± 7.7 kg live weight, LW) and 20 male alpacas (55.7 ± 4.9 kg LW), both of two years of age, were subdivided into 5 groups of 4 animals each, per species. One group was slaughtered at the beginning of the study to measure the initial body energy content, and the remaining four groups were fed over a period of 55 days on a mixture of chopped hay of oats and Lucerne at four levels of feed (94.2% dry matter, DM): maintenance, intermediate low, intermediate high and ad libitum; corresponding to 40, 50, 60 and 70 g DM/kg LW0.75, respectively. All animals were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to determine retained energy (RE). Another group of four animals ...

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los requerimientos de energía metabolizable de mantenimiento (EMm) y ganancia de peso vivo (EMg) de llamas y alpacas, mediante la técnica de sacrificio comparativo, a 4200 m de altitud. Se utilizaron 20 llamas machos (106.6 ± 7.7 kg de peso vivo, PV) y 20 alpacas machos (55.7 ± 4.9 kg PV), ambos grupos de 2 años de edad, divididos en 5 grupos de 4 animales por especie. Un grupo fue sacrificado al inicio del estudio para medir la energía corporal inicial, mientras que los cuatro grupos restantes fueron alimentados durante 55 días con una mezcla de heno picado de avena y alfalfa, en cuatro niveles de oferta de dieta (94.2% materia seca, MS): mantenimiento, intermedio bajo, intermedio alto y ad libitum; correspondientes a 40, 50, 60 y 70 g MS/kg PV0.75, respectivamente. Todos los animales fueron sacrificados al final del experimento para determi...