The aim of the study was to determinate the level of lead, cadmium and mercury on the edible part of Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck, 1819) and mussel (Aulacomya ater Molina, 1782) from 2009 to 2012 in the major production areas of Peru and to compare the results with the maximum levels set by the European Union (EU) and consequently evaluate any health risks for consumers. Peruvian scallop samples from suspended culture were extracted from growing areas of Sechura, Samanco and Paracas. Mussel samples were extracted from natural banks from Marcona and Atico. THQ (target hazard quontient) values for Pb, Cd, Hg in Peruvian scallops, plus Pb and Hg in mussels were less than 1 (even less than 0.25), unlike Cd in mussels from Marcona and Atico which exceeded the maximum level allowed and presented THQ values greater than 1, representing a possible health risk. A maximum weekly...

El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar ensilado biológico utilizando residuos crudos de trucha (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) en las condiciones ambientales de Puno, Perú, utilizando koji como cultivo de Aspergillus oryzae. Primero, las condiciones de incubación óptimas para A. oryzae se determinaron utilizando dos fuentes de carbohidratos de la zona: papa y cebada; también se utilizó arroz, a las temperaturas y tiempos sugeridos por el diseño estadístico del método de superficie de respuesta. La variable de respuesta fue el conteo de mohos en unidades formadoras de colonia por gramo (UFC/g). Luego, se plantearon tratamientos con los inóculos de koji a temperaturas y tiempos óptimos, con melaza y residuos triturados crudos de trucha. Se realizaron las mediciones de pH, acidez, histamina y olor de cada uno de los tratamientos de ensilado. Los resultados fueron: tempera...

The extraction yield of Quebranta grape seed oil was optimized with the response surface method. Three factors were considered: pressure (Pbar), temperature (T) and CO2 flow (F). The response variables were the oil yield, peroxide value (POV) and anisidine. The seed was characterized, and the particle size was established for the oil extraction. The extractions were executed according to the RSM design and the oil yield, POV and anisidine were calculated. The composition of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography and the antioxidant activity by reduction of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydro-radical (DPPH) of the optimized oil obtained with CO2 and that extracted with hexane (control). The Pbar, T and F had significant effect on the oil yield, but did not have significant effect on the POV and anisidine. These results were promising to increase added value of the seed and pisco prod...

Realiza la medición de la actividad antioxidante y antifúngica de las semillas del orujo. Previamente se realiza la optimización (con el método superficie respuesta) de la extracción de aceite con CO2 supercrítico, en la cual una de las variables respuesta es el rendimiento, luego se realiza un diseño factorial para las extracciones de compuestos fenólicos (CF) de la semilla de uva desgrasada, los factores independientes son los solventes: etanol, metanol, acetona y agua subcrítica, y el tiempo (1, 2 y 3 horas), las variables respuesta son los CF, actividad antioxidante (CAETy FRAP), finalmente se realiza la medición de la actividad antifúngica contra Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum y Candida Albicans. Los parámetros de optimización para lograr el mayor rendimiento de aceite son 188 bar, 33 °C y 40 g de CO2/min. A las tres horas de extracción con acetona, ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory, chemical and microbiological changes in the mantle of giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) with skin (CP) and without skin (SP) stored on ice (0 ± 1 ºC) for 19 days and refrigerated (5 ± 1 ºC) for 8 days. Chemical evaluation was performed by analysing trimethylamine nitrogen (N-TMA), volatile base nitrogen (N-BVT), hypoxanthine/adenosine monophosphate ratio (Hx/AMP), pH, biogenic amines, and microbiological evaluation by the count of mesophilic, psychrophilic and enterobacteria bacteria. Sensory characteristics evaluated were odour (raw and cooked), flavour, texture, and general acceptability. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson's Correlation (p<0.05) were used to find the association between sensory impairment and chemical or microbiological analyses. It is concluded that the analyses of Log(Put+Cad+Hist), Log (Psychrophile...

The IM of this study to evaluate the oily extract of the squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon in the balanced feed on the pigmentation of the muscle of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The treatments were T1: feed formulated without pigment, T2 and T3: feed with 70 and 90 mg of natural astaxanthin/kg of feed, respectively, and T4 feed with synthetic pigment (70 mg of astaxanthin/kg of feed). The color values were recorded every 15 days and for 90 days using the Roche SalmoFanR colorimetric rule and the L*, a*, b*, C* and H* values of the dorsal and caudal zone of the trout. The results of the color readings indicated that the treatments T2, T3 and T4 obtained with the SalmoFanR rule did not show significant differences between them; however, the measurement obtained with the colorimeter showed differences in the color of T4 with respect to T2 and T3. It is concluded that the additi...

The effect of the level of inclusion of trout residues silage (ERT) on lamb ration on daily feed intake (CMD), daily gain (GMD), feed efficiency (ICA) and the taste of lamb meat was evaluated. Thirty lambs were distributed in three treatments (0, 4 and 8% ERT) considering 5 replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment (84 days) the lambs were slaughtered, and a taste panel evaluation was performed. The results showed that the highest level of ERT in the ration reduced CMD (2.08, 2.01 vs. 1.65 kg/day for 0, 4 and 8% for ERT, respectively, p<0.001) and GMD (0.25, 0.28 vs 0.23 kg/day, p<0.03), while the ICA improved (8.49 vs. 7.28, 7.07 kg:kg, p<0.001). In addition, the inclusion of ERT in the ration did not affect the taste of lamb meat. It is concluded that the ERT in the fattening rations of sheep improves the productive yield without affecting the taste of the meat.

The effect of the level of inclusion of trout residues silage (ERT) on lamb ration on daily feed intake (CMD), daily gain (GMD), feed efficiency (ICA) and the taste of lamb meat was evaluated. Thirty lambs were distributed in three treatments (0, 4 and 8% ERT) considering 5 replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment (84 days) the lambs were slaughtered, and a taste panel evaluation was performed. The results showed that the highest level of ERT in the ration reduced CMD (2.08, 2.01 vs. 1.65 kg/day for 0, 4 and 8% for ERT, respectively, p<0.001) and GMD (0.25, 0.28 vs 0.23 kg/day, p<0.03), while the ICA improved (8.49 vs. 7.28, 7.07 kg:kg, p<0.001). In addition, the inclusion of ERT in the ration did not affect the taste of lamb meat. It is concluded that the ERT in the fattening rations of sheep improves the productive yield without affecting the taste of the meat.

Con la finalidad de determinar el efecto del nivel de inclusión de ensilado de residuos de trucha (ERT) en el alimento sobre el peso vivo, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia en cerdos, así como en el sabor de su carne, se plantearon tres tratamientos: un testigo (T1, 0%) y dos con niveles de 5% (T2) y 10% (T3) de inclusión de ERT en la ración, donde cada tratamiento se hizo con cinco réplicas. Se utilizaron 30 cerdos machos enteros de 45 días de edad (York-Duroc-Landrace). Los alimentos de crecimiento y engorde fueron similares en proteína (PB) y energía metabolizable (EM) (crecimiento: 16.0% PB y 3.20 Mcal/kg EM y engorde: 13.0% PB y 3.20 Mcal/kg EM) y fueron administrados durante 98 días. Se determinó el peso vivo, el consumo de alimento y la conversión alimenticia a los 56 y 98 días. Al final se realizó una prueba sensorial para evaluar el sabor de la carne. A ...

The study aimed to determine the effect of the level of inclusion of silage from trout residues (ERT) in concentrate feed on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion of pigs and taste of pig meat. Three treatments were applied: a control (T1, 0%) and two treated groups with 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of ERT in the ration, with five replicates per treatment. Thirty non-castrated male pigs (York-Duroc-Landrace) of 45 days of age were used. Feeds for the growing and finishing phase were formulated to be similar in protein (CP) and energy (ME) content (growing: 16.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg and finishing: 13.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg) and were administered ad libitum during 98 days. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion rate were determined at 56 and 98 days. In addition, a sensory test of meat was carried out at the end of the study to evaluate the taste of the meat. The results at day 98 ...

The study aimed to determine the effect of the level of inclusion of silage from trout residues (ERT) in concentrate feed on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion of pigs and taste of pig meat. Three treatments were applied: a control (T1, 0%) and two treated groups with 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) of ERT in the ration, with five replicates per treatment. Thirty non-castrated male pigs (York-Duroc-Landrace) of 45 days of age were used. Feeds for the growing and finishing phase were formulated to be similar in protein (CP) and energy (ME) content (growing: 16.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg and finishing: 13.0% CP and 3.20 Mcal ME/kg) and were administered ad libitum during 98 days. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion rate were determined at 56 and 98 days. In addition, a sensory test of meat was carried out at the end of the study to evaluate the taste of the meat. The results at day 98 ...