Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en cuatro hospitales de Lima, Perú, en lactantes con un peso al nacer menor o igual a 1,500 gr., seguidos desde el alta hospitalaria hasta el primer año de edad, para determinar la incidencia de hospitalizaciones por el virus sincitial respiratorio. Se encontró que es alta la cantidad de infecciones respiratorias por el virus sincitial respiratorio que requirieron hospitalización o atención de emergencia, entre los niños prematuros de Lima.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the carriage rate, susceptibility pattern, and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx of children younger than 2 years old in Lima, Peru. A total of 666 children were evaluated during 3 periods, 1997, 2001, and 2003. The overall pneumococcal carrier rate was 41%. Reduced susceptibility to penicillin was found in 5% (4/75) of isolates in 1997, 20% (15/75) in 2001, and 37% (40/109) in 2003. Reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone was found in 12% of isolates in 2003. Serogroups 6, 19, 23, 15, and 14 accounted for 68% of all the isolates and for 81% of the penicillin-nonsusceptible strains. Only 65% of the isolated strains had serogroups found in the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. This highlights the importance of regional surveillance studies for effective vaccine strategies and treatment protocols.

Theresa.J.Ochoa@uth.tmc.edu

Abstract. In a prospective passive diarrhea surveillance cohort study of 1,034 infants of low socioeconomic communities in Lima, Peru, we determined the prevalence and antimicrobial drug susceptibility of the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli . The prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli was 29% (161 of 557) in children with gastroenteritis and 30% (58 of 195) in the control group without diarrhea. The most common E. coli pathogens in diarrhea were enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (14%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (7%), diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) (4%), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (4%). Diarrheagenic E. coli as a group exhibited high levels of antimicrobial drug resistance in diarrheal cases to ampicillin (85%), cotrimoxazole (79%), tetracycline (65%), and nalidixic acid (28%). Among individual E. coli groups in patients with diarrhea, DAEC and EAEC exhibited significant highe...

La diarrea continúa siendo una causa importante de morbi-mortalidad en niños pequeños. Si bien el uso de las sales de rehidratación oral ha sido de gran ayuda para disminuir la mortalidad asociada a deshidratación, aún se requieren de estrategias efectivas para disminuir la morbilidad asociada a esta enfermedad. El zinc y la vitamina A son dos micronutrientes que han demostrado ser útiles en la prevención y tratamiento de la diarrea en niños. La suplementación de zinc actualmente es recomendada por la OMS para el manejo de diarrea en niños en países en vías de desarrollo, ya que se ha demostrado que disminuye la duración y severidad de los episodios de diarrea, el riesgo de diarrea persistente, y la recurrencia de episodios en los siguientes 2 a 3 meses. La vitamina A se usa de forma profiláctica hace mucho tiempo y es una de las intervenciones más importantes para la red...

Transfer Learning has emerged as one of the main image classification techniques for reusing architectures and weights trained on big datasets so as to improve small and specific classification tasks. In Natural Language Processing, a similar effect is obtained by reusing and transferring a language model. In particular, the Universal Language Fine-Tuning (ULMFiT) algorithm has proven to have an impressive performance on several English text classification tasks. In this paper, we aim at improving current state-of-the-art algorithms for Spanish Sentiment Analysis of short texts. In order to do so, we have adapted a ULMFiT algorithm to this setting. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show the potential of our approach. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.

In the last years, innovative techniques like Transfer Learning have impacted strongly in Natural Language Processing, increasing massively the state-of-the-art in several challenging tasks. In particular, the Universal Language Model Fine-Tuning (ULMFiT) algorithm has proven to have an impressive performance on several English text classification tasks. In this paper, we aim at developing an algorithm for Spanish Sentiment Analysis of short texts that is comparable to the state-of-the-art. In order to do so, we have adapted the ULMFiT algorithm to this setting. Experimental results on benchmark datasets (InterTASS 2017 and InterTASS 2018) show how this simple transfer learning approach performs well when compared to fancy deep learning techniques. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.

Vaccination during pregnancy is essential to protect the mother and newborn against preventable infections and reduce complications such as preterm delivery, low birth weight, and mortality. In Peru, immunization against influenza, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, COVID-19, and against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is being prioritized under evaluation. However, gaps in reporting on coverage in pregnant women and heterogeneity in implementation persist. Serious adverse events are infrequent and not associated with adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes. Improvements in epidemiological surveillance, recording of coverage in pregnant women, equitable access and active recommendation in prenatal control are required.

Conventionally, in Escherichia coli, phylogenetic groups A and B1 are associated with commensal strains while B2 and D are associated with extraintestinal strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate diarrheagenic (DEC) and commensal E. coli phylogeny and its association with antibiotic resistance and clinical characteristics of the diarrheal episode. Phylogenetic groups and antibiotic resistance of 369 E. coli strains (commensal strains and DEC from children with or without diarrhea) isolated from Peruvian children <1 year of age were determined by a Clermont triplex PCR and Kirby-Bauer method, respectively. The distribution of the 369 E. coli strains among the 4 phylogenetic groups was A (40%), D (31%), B1 (21%), and B2 (8%). DEC-control strains were more associated with group A while DEC-diarrhea strains were more associated with group D ( < 0.05). There was a tendency ( = 0.06) for...

En el presente estudio, se analizaron los mecanismos de resistencia a nitrofuranos en 18 muestras cárnicas con Salmonella enterica (15 de pollo, 2 de ternera y 1 de cerdo) de mercados de Lima (Perú). Determinaron los serotipos de los aislamientos y la sensibilidad a furazolidona y nitrofurantoina (con y sin el inhibidor de bombas de expulsión Phenyl-Arginine-β-Naphthylamide [PAβN]), las mutaciones en los genes snrA y cnr por PCR y la transferabilidad de la resistencia por conjugación. Se identificaron 15 muestras con S. infantis (13 muestras de pollo), 2 con S. enteritidis y 1 con S. anatum. Todos los aislamientos, excepto S. anatum, fueron resistentes a ambos nitrofuranos (concentración mínima inhibidora [CMI] a furazolidona: 32-64 μg/mL, CMI a nitrofurantoina: 128-256 μg/mL), sin diferencias al adicionarse PAβN. Todos los aislamientos resistentes a nitrofuranos presentaron s...

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and allele associations of locus of enterocyte effacement encoded esp and tir genes among 181 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains (90 diarrhoea-associated and 91 controls) isolated from Peruvian children under 18 months of age. We analysed espA, espB, espD and tir alleles by PCR-RFLP. EPEC strains were isolated with higher frequency from healthy controls (91/424, 21.7 %) than from diarrhoeal samples (90/936, 9.6 %) (P,0.001); 28.9% of diarrhoeal and 17.6% of control samples were typical EPEC (tEPEC). The distribution of espA alleles (alpha, beta, beta2 and gamma) and espD alleles (alpha, beta, gamma and a new variant, espD-N1) between tEPEC and atypical EPEC (aEPEC) was significantly different (P,0.05). espD-alpha was more common among acute episodes (P,0.05). espB typing resulted in five alleles (alpha, beta, gamma and tw...

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The objective of the present study was to characterize Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis isolated from chicken meat determining their clonal relationships with S. Infantis isolated from children with diarrhea. Fifteen meat-recovered S. Infantis were analyzed. Susceptibility levels to 14 antibacterial agents, the presence of ESBL and that of inducible plasmid-mediated AmpC (i-pAmpC) were determined by phenotypical methods. The presence of ESBL and pAmpC was confirmed by PCR, and detected ESBL-encoding genes were sequenced and their transferability tested by conjugation. The presence of gyrA mutations as well as Class 1 integrons was determined by PCR. Clonal relationships were established by REP-PCR and RAPD. In addition, 25 clinical isolates of S. Infantis were included in clonality studies. All meat-recovered S. Infantis were MDR, showing resistance to ampicillin, nitrofurans and qui...

ObjetivosCaracterizar los niveles y mecanismos de resistencia a β-lactámicos, quinolonas y macrólidos en 62 aislamientos de Escherichia coli causantes de bacteriemia en niños peruanos.MétodosSe determinaron las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (CIM) de ciprofloxacino, ácido nalidíxico (NAL) y azitromicina en presencia y ausencia de Phe-Arg-β-naftilamida. También se estableció la susceptibilidad a otros 14 agentes antimicrobianos. Se identificaron las β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (ESBL) y se determinaron las mutaciones en gyrA y parC, así como la presencia de mecanismos transferibles de resistencia a quinolonas (TMQR) y macrólidos (TMMR).ResultadosCincuenta aislados (80,6%) eran multirresistentes. Se observaron altas proporciones de resistencia a la ampicilina (93,5%), al NAL (66,1%) y al trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (66,1%). Ningún aislado mostró resistencia a los...

theresa.j.ochoa@uth.tmc.edu

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, virulence factors (stx, eae, ehxA and astA) and phylogenetic relationships [PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST)] of Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from four previous cohort studies in 2212 Peruvian children aged ,36 months. STEC prevalence was 0.4% (14/3219) in diarrhoeal and 0.6% (15/2695) in control samples. None of the infected children developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) or other complications of STEC. stx1 was present in 83% of strains, stx2 in 17 %, eae in 72 %, ehxA in 59% and astA in 14 %. The most common serotype was O26: H11 (14%) and the most common seropathotype was B (45 %). The strains belonged mainly to phylogenetic group B1 (52 %). The distinct combinations of alleles across the seven MLST loci were used to define 13 sequence types among 19 STEC strains. PFGE typing of 20 ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and quantity of fecal leukocytes in children infected with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and to compare these levels between diarrhea and control cases. We analyzed 1,474 stool samples from 935 diarrhea episodes and 539 from healthy controls of a cohort study of children younger than 2 years of age in Lima, Peru. Stools were analyzed for common enteric pathogens, and diarrheagenic E. coli isolates were studied by a multiplex real-time PCR. Stool smears were stained with methylene blue and read by a blinded observer to determine the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high-power field (L/hpf). Fecal leukocytes at >10 L/hpf were present in 11.8% (110/935) of all diarrheal episodes versus 1.1% (6/539) in controls (P < 0.001). Among stool samples with diarrheagenic E. coli as the only pathogen isolated (excluding coinfection), f...

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el uso de la punción lumbar (PL) en las sospechas de sepsis neonatal tardía. Se utilizó una cohorte de 414 neonatos con peso al nacer <2000 g en tres hospitales de Lima. Se realizó la PL en 45/214 (21,0%) sospechas de sepsis y en 13/48 (27,1%) sepsis confirmadas por hemocultivo. Se diagnosticó meningitis en 8/214 (3,7%) sospechas y en 8/45 (17,5%) episodios en los que se realizó la PL. El tiempo de tratamiento de los episodios sin PL fue similar a los episodios de sepsis con meningitis descartada y menor a los episodios de meningitis. El uso de la PL es bajo, lo que puede resultar en meningitis no diagnosticadas y tratadas inadecuadamente.