Knowledge of hypoxia influencing human physiology determined discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Regulation of molecules by this transcription factor is varied and complex and understanding continues on. Several processes like ossification, remodeling and repair occur in bone tissue physiology and pathophysiology. Decrease in available oxygen determines HIF stabilization in many cell groups, standing out osteogenic lineage cells. This factor regulates expression of multiple genes, the most important perhaps the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) due to its implication in the osteogenic process, directly activating osteoblastic cells or indirectly through potent angiogenesis. In this article, we review HIF central role on bone physiology, detailing regulation of key molecular pathways dependent of this transcription factor.

Introduction: Hypoxia characterizes initially injured tissue; variation in oxygen available determines the appearance of molecules involved in bone repair. Objectives: To determine if environmental oxygen pressure variation influences bone formation following osteotomy in sea level native guinea pigs. Design: Experimental. Setting: Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, and Tropical and High Altitude Research Veterinary Institute, Mantaro, Peru. Biological material: Guinea pigs. Interventions: Five groups of 10 guinea pigs each were formed: one without osteotomy (control group), and four experimental groups: sea 15 days and sea 30 days (exposed to environmental PO2 157 mmHg), high altitude 15 days and high altitude 30 days (exposed to environmental PO2 107 mmHg). Main outcome measures: Osteocytes count. Results: The 15 days sea group had lower number ...

Introduction. Acute stress alters memory and spatial learning and the expression of interleukin 6, the chewing stimulus would prevent these effects. Objective. To determine the effect of chewing stimulation and acute stress on the expression of interleukin 6 and memory and spatial learning in mice. Methods. Experiment where 70 male albino mice of the Balb/c of age 2 month were randomly distributed into: Group A1: acute stress 1 hour; Group A2: acute stress 1 hour + chewing stimulus 1 hour; Group B1: acute stress 2 hours; Group B2: acute stress 2 hours + chewing stimulus 2 hours; Group C1: acute stress 3 hours; C2: acute stress 3 hours + chewing stimulus 3 hours; Group D: without intervention. For 3 days, spatial memory and learning were tested in the Morris water maze. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) was analyzed by ELISA test. Results. IL-6 was higher in the B2 group vs the other groups (p<0.00...

Acute stress is related to the energetic release of catecholamines, cytokines, and cortisol, which trigger pain perception. Chewing stimulates serotonergic neurons, these neurons modulate the neural pathways of pain; however, the relationship between these variables is still in the process of understanding. Objective. To determine the effect of acute stress and chewing stimulus on pain. Methods. an experiment that was developed in the Faculty of Medicine of the UNMSM. 40 eight-week-old male Balb/c mice were randomly assigned into 5 equal groups. A: week 1 without any stimulus and week 2 chewing stimulus + stress. B: week 1 without any stimulus and week 2 stress. C: week 1 stress and week 2 without any stimulus. D: week 1 masticatory stimulus + stress and week 2 without any stimulus. E: control, without any stimulus. Pain was assessed in the 5 groups at 7 and 14 days using the tail-withdr...

Determina la influencia del tipo de masticación sobre la memoria-aprendizaje espacial en ratones albinos jóvenes, adultos y seniles. Es un estudio experimental realizado en el Bioterio de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Utiliza una muestra de 60 ratones divididos en tres grupos etarios de 20 ratones jóvenes, adultos y seniles. Cada grupo fue randomizado en dos subgrupos iguales, un subgrupo se mantuvo con la misma dieta granosa que recibieron desde el destete (grupo masticación normal), el otro subgrupo se alimentó con la misma dieta pero pulverizada (grupo masticación deficiente). Durante 2 meses se sometió a cada subgrupo a su dieta respectiva, evaluándose, la memoria-aprendizaje espacial, a los 4 meses en los 2 subgrupos de ratones jóvenes, a los 7 meses en los 2 subgrupos de ratones adultos y a los 11 meses en los 2 subgrupos de ratone...

Chewing coca leaves is a rooted habit in several localities in Latin America, especially in the Andean areas. This habit has been related to possible alterations in various components of the oral cavity. The purpose of this review is to describe the changes that oral cavity structures undergo by chewing coca leaves. Several studies will be presented where it is found that the frequency in addition to the alkaline substance used in chewing coca leaf affects the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. It is concluded in the review that chewing coca leaf leads to pigmentation of oral mucosa, dental wear and periodontal diseases.

La masticación de hoja de coca es un hábito arraigado en varias localidades de Latinoamérica, sobre todo en las zonas andinas. Dicho hábito se ha relacionado con posibles alteraciones en diversos componentes de la cavidad oral. El propósito de esta revisión es describir los cambios que sufren las estructuras de la cavidad bucal por la masticación de hojas de coca. Se expondrán diversos estudios donde se encuentra que la frecuencia del consumo de la hoja, además de la sustancia alcalina que se emplea en la masticación, afecta a los tejidos duros y blandos de la cavidad oral. Se concluye en la revisión que la masticación de la hoja de coca conlleva a la aparición de pigmentaciones de la mucosa oral, desgaste dental y a enfermedades periodontales.

Objetivo: Evaluar las actitudes hacia el aprendizaje móvil (m-learning) en estudiantes de posgrado de la Facultad de Odontología de la UNMSM para identificar fortalezas y limitaciones y proponer mejoras en la enseñanza a distancia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal con 60 estudiantes de diversas especialidades. Se aplicó la escala de actitud hacia el m-learning de Celik (2013) mediante un cuestionario en Google Forms. Los datos se analizaron con SPSS, empleando pruebas no paramétricas para explorar relaciones entre variables. Resultados: El puntaje promedio de actitud fue 49.37 sobre 105, indicando una percepción moderada. No se encontraron diferencias significativas por sexo o edad. El 91.77 % de los estudiantes usaba laptops; y el76.92 %, teléfonos inteligentes. Las actividades más comunes fueron videoconferencias (35 %) y gamificación (35 %). Los be...

Objetivo: Evaluar la usabilidad de una historia clínica electrónica odontopediátrica. Materiales y método: Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Usabilidad de Sistemas Informáticos (CSUQ) conformado por 16 preguntas de tipo cerrado para medir la usabilidad de esta historia. El CSUQ consta de tres dimensiones: calidad de sistema, calidad de información y calidad de interfaz. Resultados: Los ítems fueron valorados del 1 al 7, obteniéndose el promedio más bajo (3.83) en el ítem 7; el promedio más alto (5.33) se obtuvo en el ítem 5, promedio de las tres dimensiones del cuestionario. Como cada una de ellas presentó un número distinto de ítems, se calculó el puntaje obtenido en cada dimensión y se dividió entre el número de estos, observándose que el puntaje promedio en la calidad de la información, de la interfaz y del sistema fue 4.64, 4.71 y 4.82, respectivamente. Conclusión: ...

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the use of irrigating solutions in surgical procedures does not alter both inflammation processes and tissue repair. Four (04) groups were formed containing 15 rats each. After being dosed with general anaesthesia, they underwent osteotomy in the tibia with tungsten carbide burs and irrigation for 15 seconds, using the following solutions in each group: A) 0,12 % chlorhexidine with cetylpyridinium 0,05 %, B) 0,12 % chlorhexidine with aspartame; C) hexetidine 0,1 %; D) 0,9 % sodium chloride. After 3, 7 and 15 days of surgery, the rats were sacrificed and tissue samples were removed for histopathological analysis. The results showed that groups in which chlorhexidine with cetylpyridinium, and chlorhexidine with aspartame were used, less inflammatory process were found than in groups of sodium chloride and hexetidine. On the process of tissue re...

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the use of irrigating solutions in surgical procedures does not alter both inflammation processes and tissue repair. Four (04) groups were formed containing 15 rats each. After being dosed with general anaesthesia, they underwent osteotomy in the tibia with tungsten carbide burs and irrigation for 15 seconds, using the following solutions in each group: A) 0,12 % chlorhexidine with cetylpyridinium 0,05 %, B) 0,12 % chlorhexidine with aspartame; C) hexetidine 0,1 %; D) 0,9 % sodium chloride. After 3, 7 and 15 days of surgery, the rats were sacrificed and tissue samples were removed for histopathological analysis. The results showed that groups in which chlorhexidine with cetylpyridinium, and chlorhexidine with aspartame were used, less inflammatory process were found than in groups of sodium chloride and hexetidine. On the process of tissue re...

The aim of this research was to compare systemic administration of azitromicin associated to root scaling and planning to the use of chlorhexidine mouth rinses associated to scaling and root planning, and scaling and root planning only for reducing probing depth and clinical attachment in adult patients with diagnosed of chronic periodontitis. For the trial 42 individuals with chronic periodontitis were selected, they were randomly distributed in three groups as follows: group A associated therapy of azitromicin with root scaling and planning; group B associated therapy with chlorhexidine and root scaling and planning; and group C root scaling and planning only. Probing depth and clinical attachment were recorded before treatment and every month for the next 6 months. The results showed better reduction in probing depth (before treatment: 5.70 ± 0.42 mm; during treatment: 1st month: 2.2...

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la eficacia de la administración sistémica de azitromicina asociada al raspaje y alisado radicular con la administración de enjuagatorios con clorhexidina asociados al raspaje y alisado radicular y con el tratamiento con sólo raspaje y alisado radicular, para reducir la profundidad de sondaje periodontal y mejorar los niveles de adherencia clínica en pacientes adultos con periodontitis crónica. Participaron 42 pacientes con periodontitis crónica, distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos, siendo grupo A: azitromicina sistémica asociada a raspaje y alisado radicular; B: enjuagatorios con clorhexidina asociados al raspaje y alisado radicular; C: sólo raspaje y alisado radicular. Se evaluó la profundidad de sondaje periodontal y el nivel de adherencia clínica, antes de iniciar el tratamiento y luego cada mes durante los 6 meses poste...

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of diclofenac, etoricoxib, ibuprofen and paracetamol on the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement. 50 Holtzman rats participated in 5 groups of 10 rats each. At the beginning of study the distance between the angles inciso-distals of both maxillary incisive was measured in each animal, using a caliper, and immediately an orthodontic device with a reciprocal action force of 35 g. was adhered to them. Each group received different treatments intraperitoneally (A: NaCl, control group, B: diclofenac, C: etoricoxib, D: ibuprofen, E: paracetamol) for 5 days. In all controls made the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days, interincisive distance was significantly lower in the ibuprofen and diclofenac groups, without significant difference in the etoricoxib and paracetamol groups; all compared with control group. It was shown that administration of ...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los efectos de diclofenaco, etoricoxib, ibuprofeno y paracetamol sobre la magnitud del movimiento dentario ortodóntico. Participaron 50 ratas Holtzman distribuidas en 5 grupos de 10 ratas cada uno. Al inicio del trabajo, en cada uno de los animales, se midió la distancia entre los ángulos incisodistales de los incisivos maxilares empleando un calibrador, e inmediatamente se adhirió un dispositivo ortodóntico con una fuerza de acción recíproca de 35 g en dichos incisivos. Cada grupo recibió tratamientos diferentes por vía intraperitoneal (A: NaCl, grupo control, B: diclofenaco, C: etoricoxib, D: ibuprofeno, E: paracetamol) durante 5 días. En todos los controles hechos al 1er, 3er, 5to y 7mo día, la distancia interincisiva fue significativamente menor en los grupos ibuprofeno y diclofenaco, y sin diferencia significativa en los gru...