The province of Andahuaylas is located in the region of Apurimac, a Peruvian city located in the Andes. Andahuaylas has three important districts: San Jerónimo, Andahuaylas and Talavera. These areas are highly populated, and their buildings are close to the Chumbao River. This research aimed to determine the influence of anthropogenic activities on the concentration of pesticides, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics in the Chumbao River. Five agricultural activities, 19 organochlorine pesticides, and 25 organophosphorus pesticides were studied. Eighteen physicochemical properties and two microbiological properties were also studied at seven sampling points along the Chumbao River during the rainy and dry seasons. Several veterinary and agricultural products were identified in the agricultural activities studied. However, no significant concentration values of organochlor...

—Se evaluaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, tecnofuncionales y morfológicas, de almidones obtenidos a partir de clones de papa nativa (Solanum tuberosum), que fueron proporcionados por la empresa SEMPAL y codificados como clon Y1, Y2 y Y3. Éstos presentaron tamaños homogéneos, pesos variados y pesos específicos altos. Se utilizaron métodos directos e indirectos para las determinaciones, la propiedad física de rendimiento de extracción de almidones osciló entre 20 y 28%, los valores de viscosidad variaron entre 1525,03 a 1550,01 cP, la actividad de agua entre 0,18 y 0,21 y el índice de finura entre 2,20 y 2,42 %. Respecto a las propiedades tecnofuncionales de los almidones, el IAA varió de 6,51 a 6,71 g gel/g muestra, el ISA de 13,03 a 17,69 %, el PH de 17,69 a 17,91 g de agua/g de almidón, la temperatura de gelatinización de 67,50 a 70,33 °C y la densidad aparente de 0...

Propolis is a substance with significant anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activity, which could be used more efficiently at the nano level as an additive in the food industry. The aim was to obtain and characterize nanoencapsulated multi-floral propolis from the agro-ecological region of Apurimac, Peru. For nanoencapsulation, 5% ethanolic extracts propolis with 0.3% gum arabic and 30% maltodextrin were prepared. Then, the mixtures were dried by nano spraying at 120 ◦C using the smallest nebulizer. The flavonoid content was between 1.81 and 6.66 mg quercetin/g, the phenolic compounds were between 1.76 and 6.13 mg GAE/g, and a high antioxidant capacity was observed. The results of moisture, water activity, bulk density, color, hygroscopicity, solubility, yield, and encapsulation efficiency were typical of the nano spray drying process. The total organic carbon content was aro...

The contamination of water resources by effluents from various industries often contains heavy metals, which cause irreversible damage to the environment and health. The objective was to evaluate different biosorbents from the weed Rumex acetosella to remove metal cations in wastewater. Drying, grinding and sieving of the stems was carried out to obtain the biomass, re taining the fractions of 250 to 500 µm and 500 to 750 µm, which served to obtain the biosorbents in natura (unmodified), acidic, alkaline, and mixed. Proximal analysis, PZC, TOC, removal capacity, influence of pH, functional groups, thermal analysis, structural characteristics, adsorption iso therms, and kinetic study were evaluated. The 250 µm mixed treatment was the one that presented the highest removal percentages, mainly due to the OH, NH, -C-H, COOH, and C-O functional groups achieving the removal of up to 96.14% ...

Actualmente en el Perú existe un déficit en infraestructura productiva, en especial en industrias que se dediquen a la transformación de materias primas, lo cual es un problema a la hora de abastecer mercados internacionales y por tanto una barrera al desarrollo económico, en el presente artículo de revisión, se analiza la aplicación del BIM (building information modelling) en el diseño y construcción de plantas agroindustriales. En términos generales el BIM es el modelado de información para la construcción, se aplica ampliamente en el mundo y el país no es la excepción, se trata de un modelo tecnológico para la gestión eficiente de los recursos de un proyecto, utilizando diferentes herramientas virtuales que permiten una optimización de tiempos y costos, además se logra un trabajo colaborativo entre todos los “stakeholders”. La aplicación del BIM en el diseño y ...

Ferropenic anemy is the leading iron deficiency disease in the world. The aim was to encapsulate erythrocytes extracted from the blood of Cavia porcellus, in matrices of tara gum and native potato starch. For microencapsulation, solutions were prepared with 20% erythrocytes; and encapsulants at 5, 10, and 20%. The mixtures were spray-dried at 120 and 140 ◦C. The iron content in the erythrocytes was 3.30 mg/g and between 2.32 and 2.05 mg/g for the encapsulates (p < 0.05). The yield of the treatments varied between 47.84 and 58.73%. The moisture, water activity, and bulk density were influenced by the temperature and proportion of encapsulants. The total organic carbon in the atomized samples was around 14%. The particles had diverse reddish tonalities, which were heterogeneous in their form and size; openings on their surface were also observed by SEM. The particle size was at the nanom...

Las fuentes de agua superficial son recursos para las actividades socioeconómicas, sin embargo estas causan alteración y deterioro, este impacto es medido por el índice de calidad del agua (ICA) y recientemente por contaminantes emergentes. El objetivo fue evaluar el nivel de cafeína y el ICA, en la micro cuenca altoandina del rio Chumbao, situada entre 73°38' - 73°11'O y 13°49' - 13°34'S, de 4 800 a 2 000 msnm y área 767,4 km2 . Se evaluó el ICA según la NSF y Dinius considerando parámetros: Nivel de oxigeno (OD y DBO5), Nivel de eutrofización (NO3- y PO4- ), Características físicas (Temperatura, Turbidez, Color y TDS), Sustancias disueltas (Alcalinidad, Dureza, pH, Conductividad y Cloruros), Aspectos de salud (E. coli y Coliformes); la cafeína se determinó por la cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC); el muestreo fue en temporada de avenidas, en 02 puntos lé...

El objetivo principal fue evaluar las isotermas de sorción de granos y harina de kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) de las variedades Oscar Blanco, Noel Vietmeyer y CICA, se utilizó el método estático gravimétrico para intervalos de humedad relativa de 10 a 90% a temperaturas de 18, 20, 25 y 30 °C. Se estudiaron 11 modelos matemáticos y se modelaron a datos experimentales a través de RNL tomando como criterio de convergencia el coeficiente de correlación R2 y el error medio relativo %E, así el modelo de Adam y Shove presentó mejor ajuste para los granos de kiwicha, mientras que para la harina fue el modelo de Peleg. Asimismo, se observó que la temperatura de almacenamiento influye significativamente (p-value<0,05) en la humedad de equilibrio (Xe ) de los granos y harina de kiwicha. El calor isostérico de adsorción oscila entre 6,340 a 0,235 KJ/g para humedades de 0,06 a 0,15 g d...

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a pseudocereal with a high nutritional potential and a significant content of bioactive compounds, which is consumed mainly by the inhabitants of the South American Andes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein content, total phenols, and antioxidant activity of quinoa grains of the Salcedo INIA, Pasankalla, and Negra collana varieties, germinated for 24 and 48 hours at 35 ◦C. Organic quinoa grains were grown in the Andahuaylas province in Peru, at an altitude of 3582 m. The protein content was determined through the Kjeldahl method, total phenols, in turn, by spectrophotometry with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the antioxidant activity of the DPPH type were registered. The data were analyzed through an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), a Tukey test, and Pearson’s correlation at 5% significance. The germinated quinoa grains showed a cons...

The water quality index (WQI) of a water body, indicates the degree of contamination for a given use, and it is related to the anthropic activities that they provoke around. The objective was to determine the WQI, in the high-Andean micro-basin of the Chumbao River, Andahuaylas, Peru. The section of study was included between the head of the basin (13°46'42.5" S, 73°13'50.0" W and 4 295 m of altitude), and last sampling point (13°35'26.4" S, 73°27'0.8" W and 2 529 m of altitude), with an average slope of 4%. The WQI Dinius was evaluated considering parameters such as oxygen level (DO and BOD5), eutrophication level (NO3 - and PO4 3-), physical characteristics (temperature, turbidity, color and TDS), dissolved substances (alkalinity, hardness, pH, conductivity and chlorides), and microbiological parameters (E. coli and total coliforms); it was sampled during the avenues season (02 len...

The contamination of water bodies by heavy metals is a critical problem for human health and ecosystems, and it can bioaccumulate in organisms to toxic levels and even lead to the living being’s death. This research aimed to synthesize and characterize a biopolymer with the capacity to remove heavy metals in wastewater, elaborated from potato starch, glycerin, and nopal mucilage. Native potato starch of the Allcca sipas variety was extracted by conventional methods; the mucilage was extracted with ethanol. Four formulations of biopolymers were synthesized at 60 and 70 °C. The solubility, structural characteristics, and adsorption capacity of heavy metals were evaluated. Starch, mucilage, and biopolymers presented predominant functional groups as -OH, -C-O-, -NH-, -C-H-, -C-OH determined by FTIR, allowing to remove up to 50.18% of Al, 56.81% of As, 35.95% of Cr, 37.43% of Hg and 73.22%...

Drying allows water to be removed and food to be preserved, however, this operation can degrade color. Punamuña leaves are aromatic and used for medicinal purposes in the Peruvian Andes. This research aimed to determine and model the drying kinetics, the diffusivity coefficient (Def), the activation energy (Ea), and the color of punamuña leaves. A horizontal dryer was used at 40, 50, and 60 °C and airspeed of 1.0 and 0.5 m / s; drying kinetics was modeled with 10 models. Def was determined with the Fick equation, Ea with the Arrhenius equation; the color was determined in the L* a* b* space. It was found that the triple exponential model with six parameters better represented the drying kinetics (R2 > 99.73 and E<3.04%); Def increased with temperature and air velocity. Ea was found between 43.62 to 44.52 kJ/mol for speeds of 1.0 to 0.5 m/s respectively; L* and a*/b* decreased, the col...

The objective was optimize the flocculating capacity of three varities of cacti Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro), Neoraimondia arequipenses (Ulluquite) and Opuntia ficus (Tuna) in the artificial wastewater treatment. They were applied 1%, 2% and 3% coagulant doses of the three varieties of cactaceae extracted with 96% ethanol. It was evaluated the flocculating activity (FA) and removal percentage (%R); a significant increase was observed (p-value < 0.05) with the increase in the coagulant dose. The optimization was carried out considering as objective function the %R which were subjected to FA, pH, hardness, alkalinity and BOD5 of water treatment. Which were reported values of 99.09 %R for San Pedro variety, 92.42 %R for Ulluquite variety and 98.98 %R for tuna variety, for doses of 0.207%, 0.246% and 0.754% of coagulant respectively.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of residues of β- lactam antibiotics and tetracyclines, as well as the physicochemical properties of fresh milk acquired by the Glass of Milk Committees of two districts of Apurimac, Peru. Triplicate milk samples were analyzed from 37 and 32 committees in the districts of San Jerónimo and Andahuaylas respectively. Density, acidity, pH, total solids (TS) and alcohol test were determined and compared with the Peruvian Technical Standards (NTP) for fresh milk. The presence of β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic compounds was determined through the Betastar® colorimetric kit. The physicochemical properties were correlated with the presence of antibiotics through the Pearson coefficient. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results showed that 10.8% of the milk samples from the San Jerónimo committees were p...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of residues of β- lactam antibiotics and tetracyclines, as well as the physicochemical properties of fresh milk acquired by the Glass of Milk Committees of two districts of Apurimac, Peru. Triplicate milk samples were analyzed from 37 and 32 committees in the districts of San Jerónimo and Andahuaylas respectively. Density, acidity, pH, total solids (TS) and alcohol test were determined and compared with the Peruvian Technical Standards (NTP) for fresh milk. The presence of β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic compounds was determined through the Betastar® colorimetric kit. The physicochemical properties were correlated with the presence of antibiotics through the Pearson coefficient. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results showed that 10.8% of the milk samples from the San Jerónimo committees were p...

The surfactants linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), is used in large quantities in modern society, and wastewater containing it can contaminate groundwaters through runoff and sewers. The study aimed to determine the level of LAS in the Huatanay river; in Cusco city, Peru. Water samples were taken from nine points along the river, in the rainy and dry season in 2018. LAS surfactants were determined spectrometrically using methylene blue as indicator; dissolved oxygen (DO) and conductivity were also determined; both were correlated through Pearson coefficient at 5% significance, and analyzed in triplicate. The concentration of LAS in the dry season varied between 0.01 to 23.17 mg/L and in rains from 0.09 to 1.47 mg/L; the DO level shows values between 0.11 to 5.04 mg O2/L, and the conductivity varied from 777.7 to 2688.9 µS/cm. In conclusion, high levels of LAS considerably decrease the...

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la presencia de residuos de antibióticos β-lactámicos y tetraciclinas, así como las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la leche fresca adquirida por los Comités de Vaso de Leche de dos distritos de Apurímac, Perú. Se analizaron muestras de leche por triplicado, provenientes de 37 y 32 comités de los distritos de San Jerónimo y Andahuaylas, respectivamente. Se determinaron las propie dades fisicoquímicas: densidad, acidez, pH, sólidos totales (ST) y prueba de alcohol, las cuales se compararon con las Normas Técnicas Peruanas (NTP) para leche fresca. La presencia de compuestos antibióticos β-lactámicos y tetraciclinas se determinó a través del kit colorimétrico Betastar®. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas se correlacionaron con la presencia de antibióticos a través del coeficiente de Pearson. Se realizó un análisis de compon...

Chocolate is a widely consumed product, due to the contribution of fats and antioxidant compounds; the addition of other components makes it possible to increase the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, although they can affect its rheological properties. The influence of the partial addition of peanut paste and Sacha Inchi on the rheological and functional properties of dark chocolate was evaluated. Cocoa beans, peanuts, and Sacha Inchi were refined in order to obtain the cocoa paste (PC), peanut paste (PM), and Sacha Inchi paste (PSI). Then, mixtures between 0 to 20% of PM and PSI were formulated, and the rheological properties were evaluated at 30, 40, and 50 C; these were adjusted to mathematical models. Functional groups were identified by FTIR in ATR mode, and it was observed that the partial addition of PM and PSI did not show significant changes in the shear stress and apparen...

The headwaters of the high Andean basin in Peru accumulate water from the mist, rain, snow, and hail, and it is transported superficially and underground to low-lying areas, mostly used for drinkable purposes. The natural water in these areas might be altered due to legal and illegal mining extraction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the water quality for human consumption. Seventeen water samples were examined from Andahuaylas (A), San Jerónimo (S), Talavera (T), and Chiara (CH) districts located between 2813 and 4004 m altitude in the Andes. We used physic ochemical, microbiological, and metal parameters, and the results were compared to permissible levels established by the WHO and ECA-Peru to examine samples collected in the dry and rainy seasons in 2019. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) identified areas and conditioning parameters. Extractive mining activity i...

The removal of heavy metals from wastewater is an environmental challenge which demands the use of environmentally friendly materials that promote a circular economy. This study aimed to apply a novel composite of an activated nanoclay/hydrocolloid in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. A composite blended under pressure was prepared with spray-dried hydrocolloid derived from Nostoc sphaericum algae and activated nanoclay in an acid medium and 1M NaCl. The composite and components were analyzed through infrared (IR), X-ray (XR), ζ potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), particle size, and SEM images. The composite was subjected to the adsorption of heavy metals (Pb, As, Zn, and Cd) at pH 4.5 and the removal percentage, kinetics, and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. It was observed that the activated nanoclay and the composite that presented a particle size of around 400 ...