La investigación se desarrolló en los laboratorios de química de la Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas de Andahuaylas, Apurímac, y tuvo como objetivo evaluar y optimizar la capacidad floculante de dos especies de Cactáceas Neoraimondia arequipensis (Ulluquite) y Opuntia ficus indica (Tuna) en el tratamiento de agua residual artificial. Se aplicaron dosis del 1%, 2% y 3% de coagulante de las dos especies de Cactáceas extraídas con tres solventes al agua residual artificial, observándose un incremento significativo (p-value < 0.05) para la capacidad clarificante y el % de remoción, con el aumento de dosis de coagulante.La extracción de los coagulantes se realizó con Etanol, NaCl 0.25M y agua, logrando mayor rendimiento de extracción la variedad Tuna 0.6546±0.0246 %, el pH de los coagulantes tiene tendencia ácida al extraer con etanol, la temperatura de gelatinización...

El presente trabajo de tesis titulado "EVALUACIÓN DE DENSIDADES DE TRASPLANTE EN DOS CULTIVARES DE COLIFLOR" (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis) EN LA LOCALIDAD DE VILCABAMBA DEL DISTRITO DE CAlCAY, PROVINCIA DE PAUCARTAMBO- CUSCO. Fue realizado entre el 08-01-10 y 03-06-10. Bajo condiciones de campo. A una Longitud 17°41'40" Oeste, Latitud: 13°35'36" sur, Altitud 3,330 msnm en la campaña agrícola 2010. Se tuvo como objetivo Evaluar las densidades de trasplante de coliflor (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis) de los Cultivares Super Snowball y Snowballlmproved y Determinar cuál de los dos cultivares presenta mejor calidad de pella, cultivadas a diferentes densidades bajo condiciones de la localidad de Vilcabamba del distrito de Caicay - provincia de Paucartambo – departamento de Cusco. En el presente trabajo de investigación se utilizó un arreglo factorial de 2 x 4, con un tot...

El objetivo de la investigación fue extraer coagulantes de cactáceas por liofilización para el tratamiento de agua de consumo humano. Se utilizaron dos variedades de cactáceas pencas de Nopal (Opuntia ficus) y San Pedro (Echinopsis pachanoi), las pencas fueron picadas y sometidas a liofilización y molidas hasta 250 micras; se preparó una solución de agua potable con caolín al 0.15% (agua artificial); se utilizo un arreglo factorial 3x2x2, tres niveles para el factor 1 (dosis de coagulante, 30, 40 y 50 mg/L), dos niveles para el factor 2 (velocidad de agitación, 30 y 40 RPM ) y 2 niveles para el factor 3 (variedad del coagulante, Nopal y San Pedro), obteniéndose 12 tratamientos, los cuales fueron analizados en un test de prueba de jarras de marca Phipps & Bird; se evaluó la capacidad clarificante atravez de la actividad floculante (AF) por absorbancia y el Porcentaje de Remoci�...

La coagulación es el proceso más importante en el tratamiento del agua, que incluye la remoción de especies en suspensión, mediante la adición de coagulantes químicos, cuyo uso trae desventajas asociadas a altos costos de adquisición, producción de grandes volúmenes de lodo y el hecho de que afectan el pH del agua tratada. Es así que el objetivo fue evaluar la capacidad floculante de tres variedades de Cactáceas Echinopsis pachanoi, Neoraimondia arequipensis y Opuntia ficus en el tratamiento de agua residual artificial. Se aplicaron dosis del 1 %, 2 % y 3 % de coagulante de las tres variedades de Cactáceas extraídas con los tres solventes al agua residual artificial, observándose un incremento significativo (p-value<0,05) para la capacidad clarificante y el % de remoción, con el aumento de dosis de coagulante, presentando mejores resultados la variedad San Pedro. Los pará...

The water quality index (WQI) of a water body, indicates the degree of contamination for a given use, and it is related to the anthropic activities that they provoke around. The objective was to determine the WQI, in the high-Andean micro-basin of the Chumbao River, Andahuaylas, Peru. The section of study was included between the head of the basin (13°46'42.5" S, 73°13'50.0" W and 4 295 m of altitude), and last sampling point (13°35'26.4" S, 73°27'0.8" W and 2 529 m of altitude), with an average slope of 4%. The WQI Dinius was evaluated considering parameters such as oxygen level (DO and BOD5), eutrophication level (NO3 - and PO4 3-), physical characteristics (temperature, turbidity, color and TDS), dissolved substances (alkalinity, hardness, pH, conductivity and chlorides), and microbiological parameters (E. coli and total coliforms); it was sampled during the avenues season (02 len...

The contamination of water bodies by heavy metals is a critical problem for human health and ecosystems, and it can bioaccumulate in organisms to toxic levels and even lead to the living being’s death. This research aimed to synthesize and characterize a biopolymer with the capacity to remove heavy metals in wastewater, elaborated from potato starch, glycerin, and nopal mucilage. Native potato starch of the Allcca sipas variety was extracted by conventional methods; the mucilage was extracted with ethanol. Four formulations of biopolymers were synthesized at 60 and 70 °C. The solubility, structural characteristics, and adsorption capacity of heavy metals were evaluated. Starch, mucilage, and biopolymers presented predominant functional groups as -OH, -C-O-, -NH-, -C-H-, -C-OH determined by FTIR, allowing to remove up to 50.18% of Al, 56.81% of As, 35.95% of Cr, 37.43% of Hg and 73.22%...

Drying allows water to be removed and food to be preserved, however, this operation can degrade color. Punamuña leaves are aromatic and used for medicinal purposes in the Peruvian Andes. This research aimed to determine and model the drying kinetics, the diffusivity coefficient (Def), the activation energy (Ea), and the color of punamuña leaves. A horizontal dryer was used at 40, 50, and 60 °C and airspeed of 1.0 and 0.5 m / s; drying kinetics was modeled with 10 models. Def was determined with the Fick equation, Ea with the Arrhenius equation; the color was determined in the L* a* b* space. It was found that the triple exponential model with six parameters better represented the drying kinetics (R2 > 99.73 and E<3.04%); Def increased with temperature and air velocity. Ea was found between 43.62 to 44.52 kJ/mol for speeds of 1.0 to 0.5 m/s respectively; L* and a*/b* decreased, the col...

The objective was optimize the flocculating capacity of three varities of cacti Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro), Neoraimondia arequipenses (Ulluquite) and Opuntia ficus (Tuna) in the artificial wastewater treatment. They were applied 1%, 2% and 3% coagulant doses of the three varieties of cactaceae extracted with 96% ethanol. It was evaluated the flocculating activity (FA) and removal percentage (%R); a significant increase was observed (p-value < 0.05) with the increase in the coagulant dose. The optimization was carried out considering as objective function the %R which were subjected to FA, pH, hardness, alkalinity and BOD5 of water treatment. Which were reported values of 99.09 %R for San Pedro variety, 92.42 %R for Ulluquite variety and 98.98 %R for tuna variety, for doses of 0.207%, 0.246% and 0.754% of coagulant respectively.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of residues of β- lactam antibiotics and tetracyclines, as well as the physicochemical properties of fresh milk acquired by the Glass of Milk Committees of two districts of Apurimac, Peru. Triplicate milk samples were analyzed from 37 and 32 committees in the districts of San Jerónimo and Andahuaylas respectively. Density, acidity, pH, total solids (TS) and alcohol test were determined and compared with the Peruvian Technical Standards (NTP) for fresh milk. The presence of β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic compounds was determined through the Betastar® colorimetric kit. The physicochemical properties were correlated with the presence of antibiotics through the Pearson coefficient. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results showed that 10.8% of the milk samples from the San Jerónimo committees were p...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of residues of β- lactam antibiotics and tetracyclines, as well as the physicochemical properties of fresh milk acquired by the Glass of Milk Committees of two districts of Apurimac, Peru. Triplicate milk samples were analyzed from 37 and 32 committees in the districts of San Jerónimo and Andahuaylas respectively. Density, acidity, pH, total solids (TS) and alcohol test were determined and compared with the Peruvian Technical Standards (NTP) for fresh milk. The presence of β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic compounds was determined through the Betastar® colorimetric kit. The physicochemical properties were correlated with the presence of antibiotics through the Pearson coefficient. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results showed that 10.8% of the milk samples from the San Jerónimo committees were p...

The surfactants linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), is used in large quantities in modern society, and wastewater containing it can contaminate groundwaters through runoff and sewers. The study aimed to determine the level of LAS in the Huatanay river; in Cusco city, Peru. Water samples were taken from nine points along the river, in the rainy and dry season in 2018. LAS surfactants were determined spectrometrically using methylene blue as indicator; dissolved oxygen (DO) and conductivity were also determined; both were correlated through Pearson coefficient at 5% significance, and analyzed in triplicate. The concentration of LAS in the dry season varied between 0.01 to 23.17 mg/L and in rains from 0.09 to 1.47 mg/L; the DO level shows values between 0.11 to 5.04 mg O2/L, and the conductivity varied from 777.7 to 2688.9 µS/cm. In conclusion, high levels of LAS considerably decrease the...

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la presencia de residuos de antibióticos β-lactámicos y tetraciclinas, así como las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la leche fresca adquirida por los Comités de Vaso de Leche de dos distritos de Apurímac, Perú. Se analizaron muestras de leche por triplicado, provenientes de 37 y 32 comités de los distritos de San Jerónimo y Andahuaylas, respectivamente. Se determinaron las propie dades fisicoquímicas: densidad, acidez, pH, sólidos totales (ST) y prueba de alcohol, las cuales se compararon con las Normas Técnicas Peruanas (NTP) para leche fresca. La presencia de compuestos antibióticos β-lactámicos y tetraciclinas se determinó a través del kit colorimétrico Betastar®. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas se correlacionaron con la presencia de antibióticos a través del coeficiente de Pearson. Se realizó un análisis de compon...

In reducing heavy metals from water for direct or indirect consumption, various synthetic materials have been used; there is a tendency to use natural, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly materials. The aim was to elaborate copolymers with native potato starch and cactus mucilage and evaluate water’s multimetal removal capacity. The copolymer was characterized, and the kinetics and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. The copolymers presented high solubility for nopal mucilage levels of 5% w/w, with particle size in aqueous solution less than 422.83 nm, zero charge point around pH 5.5, and potential between 16.72 and 29.80 mV; FTIR analysis showed the predominance of anionic groups with chelating capacity. Multimetal adsorption was from 102.20 to 151.43 mg/g, with affinity in the order Pb > As > Al > Hg > Cr, being higher at pH 6 (p-value<0.05). Kinetic data were fitted to the ...

The headwaters of the high Andean basin in Peru accumulate water from the mist, rain, snow, and hail, and it is transported superficially and underground to low-lying areas, mostly used for drinkable purposes. The natural water in these areas might be altered due to legal and illegal mining extraction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the water quality for human consumption. Seventeen water samples were examined from Andahuaylas (A), San Jerónimo (S), Talavera (T), and Chiara (CH) districts located between 2813 and 4004 m altitude in the Andes. We used physic ochemical, microbiological, and metal parameters, and the results were compared to permissible levels established by the WHO and ECA-Peru to examine samples collected in the dry and rainy seasons in 2019. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) identified areas and conditioning parameters. Extractive mining activity i...

Adsorption isotherms provide insight into the thermodynamic properties governed by food storage conditions. Adsorption isotherms of purple corn of the Canteño variety were evaluated at 18, 25, and 30 C, for the equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) range between 0.065 and 0.95. The equilibrium moisture (Xe) was determined by the continuous weight-change method. Seven mathematical models of isotherms were modeled, using the coefficient of determination R2, mean absolute error (MAE), and estimated standard error (ESE) as the convergence criterion. Thermodynamic parameters such as isosteric heat (qst), Gibbs Free Energy (DG), differential entropy (DS), activation energy (Ea), and compliance with the isokinetic law were evaluated. It was observed that the adsorption isotherms presented cross-linking around 75% ERH and 17% Xe, suggesting adequate storage conditions at these values. The GAB and...

The removal of heavy metals from wastewater is an environmental challenge which demands the use of environmentally friendly materials that promote a circular economy. This study aimed to apply a novel composite of an activated nanoclay/hydrocolloid in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. A composite blended under pressure was prepared with spray-dried hydrocolloid derived from Nostoc sphaericum algae and activated nanoclay in an acid medium and 1M NaCl. The composite and components were analyzed through infrared (IR), X-ray (XR), ζ potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), particle size, and SEM images. The composite was subjected to the adsorption of heavy metals (Pb, As, Zn, and Cd) at pH 4.5 and the removal percentage, kinetics, and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. It was observed that the activated nanoclay and the composite that presented a particle size of around 400 ...

Edible films prepared from biological materials are being massively used. This study aimed to prepare edible films from native potato starch of the Allcca sipas variety (Solanum tuberosum subsp. Andigena), nopal mucilage (Opuntia ficus indica), and glycerol. Twelve edible films were prepared with starch, mucilage, and glycerin in different proportions by thermosynthesis. It was observed that mucilage and glycerol have a significant direct effect on film solubility and an inverse effect on aw, while the effect of starch is the opposite. The aw ranged from 0.562 to 0.639. The FTIR analysis showed the interaction of the components in the films being considerably influenced by the addition of mucilage. The TGA/DTA analysis reported low thermal stability in the films, retaining water around 100 ◦C, and showing a tendency to lose weight when the content of starch is high, while the opposite ...

The search for new natural sources of hydrocolloids with stabilizing, thickening, and good binding capacity, from raw materials that are environmentally friendly and that contribute to the circular economy is a challenge for the food industry. The aim of the study was the preliminary characterization of a spray-dried hydrocolloid from high Andean algae Nostoc sphaericum. Four ecotypes of algae from Peruvian high Andean lagoons located above 4000 m were considered. The samples were collected in the period March–April 2021 and were subjected to a spray drying process in an aqueous medium. The characterization showed that the dehydrated nostoc ecotypes presented high protein and carbohydrate content, making it a potential material for direct use as a functional food for humans. The spray-dried product presented good stability for its use as a hydrocolloid, with zeta potential values ( ), ...

Thewater fromthe high Andean rivers is peculiar due to its composition and the geomorphology of its sources, and naturally or anthropogenically contamination is not discarded along its course. This water is used for agriculture and human consumption, therefore knowing its quality is important. This research aimed to proposing and formulate a water-quality index for high Andean basins through the Delphimethod, and its application in the Chumbao River located in Andahuaylas-Peru. Forty-three water-quality parameters were evaluated through the Delphi method, and the water-quality index (WQIHA) was formulated with a weighted average of the weights of the selected parameters, it was compared with the WQI Dinius. For this purpose, ten sampling points were considered along the Chumbao River located between 4274 and 2572 m of altitude and theWQIHA was applied. In addition, field and laboratory a...

The avocado fruit is an agro-industrial product with high export demand in Peru due to its sensory and nutritional qualities, which can be affected during storage. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of a coating formulated with potato starch (Solanum tuberosum ssp andigena), nopalmucilage (Opuntia ficus indica), and pectin on the physicochemical and physiological properties during the storage of Fuerte and Hass avocados. Samples were taken in their harvest state from the plantation in “Occobamba”, which is cultivated by the Avocado Producers Association in Chincheros, Apurímac, Peru. Physicochemical properties (titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids) and physiological properties (weight loss, firmness, and color L* a* b*) were determined during 20 days of storage at 20 C. The elaborated films present high transparency and low aw values. In the coated avo...