The need in the world market for high-quality laminated products, such as the high productivity of the laminating process, requires increasing the performance levels of laminating cylinders. The rolling cylinder is the main tool or matrix to transform metals and their alloys in the rolling process, which can be hot or cold transformed into products such as bars, squares, profiles, plates, etc. The history of its manufacture is linked to the evolution of the methods used to make iron, steel and other non-ferrous metals. In the last decades there have been several technological advances in the manufacture of laminating cylinders, among which one can distinguish that of double casting or composite casting.  

The problems about underdevelopment are a matter of concern alike from politicians, economists, through the military, doctors, psychologists, to administrators, philosophers, essayists, and many more professionals such as engineers. In order to try to give a solution, various solutions are proposed, but whatever the chosen path, access to a modern society, the final objective of development, involves achieving active participation from Engineering, and in particular from metallurgical engineering.

In the future, the industry can be determined by processes of low cost operation and the capital. The reliability and low price of the mineral coal are the factors for the utilization in the industry. The coal mineral can be use many and several activities. The implacable pressure on the costs of operation, production and investment costs is forcing the producers of steel to accelerate the technological development and to considering new technologies and improvement, with a perspective to get the best qualities, best performance, with less intensity of capital and minor environment impact. The utilization of the mineral coal is an alternative.

In the future, the steel industry may be determined by processes of low cost of operation and capital; being the two main routes for the production of steel, the recycling of scrap metal and the reduction of virgin ore. The high reliability and low price of iron ore are the factors that have led to the development of the direct reduction process. In this decision, natural gas is an economical solution for the production of direct reduction products, briquettes and sponge iron. "THE FUTURE IS NOW"

En el futuro la industria puede ser determinada por procesos de bajo costo de operación y capital. La confiabilidad y bajo precio del carbón mineral son los factores para la utilización en la industria. El carbón mineral puede emplearse en muchas y diversas actividades. La implacable presión sobre los costos de operación, producción e inversión está obligando a los productores de acero a acelerar el desarrollo tecnológico y a considerar nuevas tecnologías y mejoras, con miras a mejores calidades, mejor performance, menos intensidad de capital y mejor impacto ambiental. La utilización del carbón mineral es una alternativa.

In the future, the steel industry may be determined by processes of low cost of operation and capital; being the two main routes for the production of steel, the recycling of scrap metal and the reduction of virgin ore. The high reliability and low price of iron ore are the factors that have led to the development of the direct reduction process. In this decision, natural gas is an economical solution for the production of direct reduction products, briquettes and sponge iron. "THE FUTURE IS NOW"

The need in the world market for high-quality laminated products, such as the high productivity of the laminating process, requires increasing the performance levels of laminating cylinders. The rolling cylinder is the main tool or matrix to transform metals and their alloys in the rolling process, which can be hot or cold transformed into products such as bars, squares, profiles, plates, etc. The history of its manufacture is linked to the evolution of the methods used to make iron, steel and other non-ferrous metals. In the last decades there have been several technological advances in the manufacture of laminating cylinders, among which one can distinguish that of double casting or composite casting.  

The problems about underdevelopment are a matter of concern alike from politicians, economists, through the military, doctors, psychologists, to administrators, philosophers, essayists, and many more professionals such as engineers. In order to try to give a solution, various solutions are proposed, but whatever the chosen path, access to a modern society, the final objective of development, involves achieving active participation from Engineering, and in particular from metallurgical engineering.

The most economical and safest support in tunnels and mining work applied up to now in Peru, was the one put into practice in the Cobriza Mine, called Sot-Fer (name given by the miners: due to the metallic confusion of steel by iron) and until now not disseminated in Peru, for unknown reasons. This method of applying reinforced concrete in tunnels and mining works, through the Gunitado or Shotcrete, is the product of the research work, in the Cobriza mine started with the determination of the workloads of the weak rocks constituting the gables of the great mantle of sulfides of 25m of power with Cu, Ag and Bi values. These rocks, which are slates, were studied crystallographically, reaching the conclusion that they crystallize in the Hexagonal system, Rhombohedral division, Hexagonal Scalenodermic class, positive Rhombohedron form {h0hl}. When the ternary axis of the rhombohedron coincid...

The most economical and safest support in tunnels and mining work applied up to now in Peru, was the one put into practice in the Cobriza Mine, called Sot-Fer (name given by the miners: due to the metallic confusion of steel by iron) and until now not disseminated in Peru, for unknown reasons. This method of applying reinforced concrete in tunnels and mining works, through the Gunitado or Shotcrete, is the product of the research work, in the Cobriza mine started with the determination of the workloads of the weak rocks constituting the gables of the great mantle of sulfides of 25m of power with Cu, Ag and Bi values. These rocks, which are slates, were studied crystallographically, reaching the conclusion that they crystallize in the Hexagonal system, Rhombohedral division, Hexagonal Scalenodermic class, positive Rhombohedron form {h0hl}. When the ternary axis of the rhombohedron coincid...

Column flotation is particularly attractive for applications involving multiple cleaning stages in conventional cells and for complex minerals that have selectivity problems, substantially raising the grade of the concentrate (2-4%) and higher recovery (2-3%) , with a single cleaning stage, this equipment adapting very well to computer control. Its acceptance in the mining industry is increasing due to multiple advantages including lower cost of installation and operation, less space occupation, substantial decrease in energy consumption, mainly because it does not have a mechanical agitation system, and less consumption of reagents.

Column flotation is particularly attractive for applications involving multiple cleaning stages in conventional cells and for complex minerals that have selectivity problems, substantially raising the grade of the concentrate (2-4%) and higher recovery (2-3%) , with a single cleaning stage, this equipment adapting very well to computer control. Its acceptance in the mining industry is increasing due to multiple advantages including lower cost of installation and operation, less space occupation, substantial decrease in energy consumption, mainly because it does not have a mechanical agitation system, and less consumption of reagents.

The ore is complex and presents abundant content of sulphurs: pyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite, also in few proportion: chalcopyrite, sphalerite and probably sulfhosals that add: copper, silver, arsenic and antimony. Free gold is not appreciated in the obtained results, the major content of gold is in tails of flotation Cu-Ag, constituted by sulphurs of iron, as a non metallic residue prevails the quartz, coal and the insolubles, it is quite strong and naturally very acid, pH:5.3. It is possible to obtain a concentrate of flotation Cu-Ag, with As and Sb like pollutants and around 80% of the total gold stays in tails, to which we effect a direct cyanidation having variant like pH and granulometry, it has not been possible to leach more than 11 % of the gold contained in tails that gives 3.2 grams Au/TM, considering the current prices it has an approximate value 100 US $ Ton.

The need arises to take advantage of the best way to increase the added value of our mining products, specifically concentrates containing precious metals, to obtain maximum economic benefit. A method is formulated to determine optimal conditions for leaching concentrates. This method is fundamentally based on cyaniding gold concentrates that respond efficiently to this process, then developing alternatives for the recovery of Au and Ag from pregnant solutions, using the known methods of carbon in pulp and merrill crowe or another that consists of selectively precipitating silver with sodium sulfide and from the remaining solution, recover the gold with activated carbon, efficiently obtaining high quality separate products.

The need arises to take advantage of the best way to increase the added value of our mining products, specifically concentrates containing precious metals, to obtain maximum economic benefit. A method is formulated to determine optimal conditions for leaching concentrates. This method is fundamentally based on cyaniding gold concentrates that respond efficiently to this process, then developing alternatives for the recovery of Au and Ag from pregnant solutions, using the known methods of carbon in pulp and merrill crowe or another that consists of selectively precipitating silver with sodium sulfide and from the remaining solution, recover the gold with activated carbon, efficiently obtaining high quality separate products.

The ore is complex and presents abundant content of sulphurs: pyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite, also in few proportion: chalcopyrite, sphalerite and probably sulfhosals that add: copper, silver, arsenic and antimony. Free gold is not appreciated in the obtained results, the major content of gold is in tails of flotation Cu-Ag, constituted by sulphurs of iron, as a non metallic residue prevails the quartz, coal and the insolubles, it is quite strong and naturally very acid, pH:5.3. It is possible to obtain a concentrate of flotation Cu-Ag, with As and Sb like pollutants and around 80% of the total gold stays in tails, to which we effect a direct cyanidation having variant like pH and granulometry, it has not been possible to leach more than 11 % of the gold contained in tails that gives 3.2 grams Au/TM, considering the current prices it has an approximate value 100 US $ Ton.

The ores of manganese are difficult to concentrate, nevertheless in this study of research, it has been achieved to raise the grade of manganese applying different equipments, machines, flow charts and diverse chemical reagents of flotation, obtaining the best results by means of flotation of the gangue, being the tail the concentrate of manganeso. The original ore has 23,8% Mn, on having it concentrate by inverse flotation, one manages to obtain 47,50% Mn in the concentrate, product very quoted on the intermal and external market.

Fluorite (F2Ca) is an ore that has multiple aplications, the main ones are: manufacture of fluorhidric acid, steel iron industry, welding and ornamental purposes. This ore belongs to the central zone of Peru and besides fluorite, it has metallic values of lead, silver and zinc, these respond well to differential flotation of sulfhur with good results in the quality of the concentrates and high recoveries. The obtained fluorite concentrate is of ceramic degree, fluorite of acid degree ca not be obtained because of the presence of Aluminium fluorides that affect the quality of the concentrate.

Fluorite (F2Ca) is an ore that has multiple aplications, the main ones are: manufacture of fluorhidric acid, steel iron industry, welding and ornamental purposes. This ore belongs to the central zone of Peru and besides fluorite, it has metallic values of lead, silver and zinc, these respond well to differential flotation of sulfhur with good results in the quality of the concentrates and high recoveries. The obtained fluorite concentrate is of ceramic degree, fluorite of acid degree ca not be obtained because of the presence of Aluminium fluorides that affect the quality of the concentrate.

The main oxidized lead minerals are: cerussite and anglesite, which due to their crystallography and wettability should not be buoyant, for this reason it is necessary to study the flotation properties for these minerals, the main ones are: solubility, surface physico-chemical , thermodynamics, fines content and others, it is concluded that anglesite is less buoyant than cerussite, both can be floated directly with amyl xanthate: long-chain hydrocarbon collector and cationic collectors such as alamine 26-D. The flotation of oxides improves when they are previously sulfurized before adding xanthate type collector, obtaining economically acceptable results. The above is applied to a polymetallic mineral of galena, sphalerite and cerussite; up to four flow charts are discussed, two are experimented, and with the bulk flotation scheme Pb-Zn, followed by flotation of oxides, after sulfurizati...