Thermodynamic simulation models have been developed to observe the behavior of the minor elements Zn, Pb, As, Sb and Bi; as well as the major elements Cu, Fe, Si, 0 and S in the conversion and fusion processes: NORANDA and ISASMELT for the production of copper-rich mattes. The Noranda process shows a steady state model for obtaining a high-grade matte in metallic copper. The lsasmelt process is based on the concept of the two independent reaction sites in the bath (slag-killing interface): rapid oxidation and slow reduction. The heat balance of the process and the distribution thermodynamics of the minor elements are united and expressed in terms of the process variables such as temperature, enriched 02, composition of the charge, degree of matte and content of the magnetite in the Slag and other variables are incorporated into the modeling, which can predict the operating effects of che...

Thermodynamic simulation models have been developed to observe the behavior of the minor elements Zn, Pb, As, Sb and Bi; as well as the major elements Cu, Fe, Si, 0 and S in the conversion and fusion processes: NORANDA and ISASMELT for the production of copper-rich mattes. The Noranda process shows a steady state model for obtaining a high-grade matte in metallic copper. The lsasmelt process is based on the concept of the two independent reaction sites in the bath (slag-killing interface): rapid oxidation and slow reduction. The heat balance of the process and the distribution thermodynamics of the minor elements are united and expressed in terms of the process variables such as temperature, enriched 02, composition of the charge, degree of matte and content of the magnetite in the Slag and other variables are incorporated into the modeling, which can predict the operating effects of che...

The subject study deals on the effects which Pb, Zn, As, Sb and Ag ions may exert on accelerating chemical reaction of sphalerite on lead flotation. If this action occurs lead concentrate is contaminated and also it decreases the zinc recovery of the zinc circuit.Three different ore samples at various degrees of zinc activation were used to analyze this problem. Results show that further investigation is required to find out whether or not the activation of zinc is due to the contained As ions or due to soluble metal salts of Pb, Zn, Sb and Ag.

In the context of clean technologies is not only important to maximize production , minimize costs, but also not pollute the environment , it is for that reason we must develop basic research leading to mitigate SO2 to prevent air pollution. Direct reduction of sulfides is of interest in the metallurgical field for the base metal , using a desulfurizer agent ( CaO, CaCO3 and Na2CO3) , this being a friendly metal production route. In this paper , we show the results of research in the direct reduction of chalcopyrite with carbon in the presence of lime, as a possibility to produce copper from a sulfide avoiding air pollution. ; Also their effect on the reacted fraction and temperature the reaction rate , reaction time , molar ratios of reactants : the effect of the variables involved in the carbothermic reduction was studied . Besides modeling the reduction kinetics of chalcopyrite descri...

In the context of clean technologies is not only important to maximize production , minimize costs, but also not pollute the environment , it is for that reason we must develop basic research leading to mitigate SO2 to prevent air pollution. Direct reduction of sulfides is of interest in the metallurgical field for the base metal , using a desulfurizer agent ( CaO, CaCO3 and Na2CO3) , this being a friendly metal production route. In this paper , we show the results of research in the direct reduction of chalcopyrite with carbon in the presence of lime, as a possibility to produce copper from a sulfide avoiding air pollution. ; Also their effect on the reacted fraction and temperature the reaction rate , reaction time , molar ratios of reactants : the effect of the variables involved in the carbothermic reduction was studied . Besides modeling the reduction kinetics of chalcopyrite descri...

The present investigation of potential metric techniques in the determination of the corrosion rate of AISI 304 stainless steel, has been possible through the use of the potentiostat that has a measurement range of 0.005 mA to 1,000 mA with responses in the potentials of 0.1 at 100 mV. The corrosion rates of AISI 304 stainless steel have been determined: medium: 3.56% C.R. sodium chloride solution. (mpy) = 1.72 medium: synthetic sea water C.R. (mpy) = 1.28. The study of corrosion rate measurement in engineering material, using the potentiostat has proven to be fast and reliable.

The present investigation of potential metric techniques in the determination of the corrosion rate of AISI 304 stainless steel, has been possible through the use of the potentiostat that has a measurement range of 0.005 mA to 1,000 mA with responses in the potentials of 0.1 at 100 mV. The corrosion rates of AISI 304 stainless steel have been determined: medium: 3.56% C.R. sodium chloride solution. (mpy) = 1.72 medium: synthetic sea water C.R. (mpy) = 1.28. The study of corrosion rate measurement in engineering material, using the potentiostat has proven to be fast and reliable.

In some cases it is easy to extract the gold present in an ore by conventional methods cyanidation heap , but in others, the results are very poor and may have originated in mineralogical intergrowths in atomic or sub - atomic size , presence of elements cianicidas and content of fine materials , our research is aimed at finding alternative precious metal , causing severe losses in the tailings gold . work is to show in what circumstances must bind the mineral to solve the problem when a solution presents interesting gold ore fines content and clay materials that are compact when wet and does not allow the cyanide used as a solvent , have mass reach reagent consumption, % moisture : contact with the poor percolation of leaching solutions , characteristic of a good binder machines used to bind minerals, determine the most appropriate economic binder and technically , the different effects...

The natural activation of sphalerite during flotation of lead is mainly related to the contamination of lead concentrate. The high content of zinc in the lead concentrate receives economic sanctions by higher refining costs, plus zinc content decreases in its flotation circuit. This research has been conducted on five samples of different minerals to identify the probable causes activation of natural sphalerite. The results indicate that the causes are intergrowths Mineralogical between lead and zinc, and the presence of soluble salts of Cu2 +. The ferrous ions and ferric Fe2 + Fe3 + did not show a significant effect on the activation of sphalerite.

The natural activation of sphalerite during flotation of lead is mainly related to the contamination of lead concentrate. The high content of zinc in the lead concentrate receives economic sanctions by higher refining costs, plus zinc content decreases in its flotation circuit. This research has been conducted on five samples of different minerals to identify the probable causes activation of natural sphalerite. The results indicate that the causes are intergrowths Mineralogical between lead and zinc, and the presence of soluble salts of Cu2 +. The ferrous ions and ferric Fe2 + Fe3 + did not show a significant effect on the activation of sphalerite.

In some cases it is easy to extract the gold present in an ore by conventional methods cyanidation heap , but in others, the results are very poor and may have originated in mineralogical intergrowths in atomic or sub - atomic size , presence of elements cianicidas and content of fine materials , our research is aimed at finding alternative precious metal , causing severe losses in the tailings gold . work is to show in what circumstances must bind the mineral to solve the problem when a solution presents interesting gold ore fines content and clay materials that are compact when wet and does not allow the cyanide used as a solvent , have mass reach reagent consumption, % moisture : contact with the poor percolation of leaching solutions , characteristic of a good binder machines used to bind minerals, determine the most appropriate economic binder and technically , the different effects...

The study sample is a refractory ore with an average grade of 19.31 g/TM provided by artisanal miners in the area and Yanga from the province of Canta, Lima. The mineralogy of the sample showed the presence of the following minerals: Gold, Chalcopyrite, covellite, chalcocite, sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, magnetite, hematite, goethite, rutile and bargains as photos indicate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The minerals found in larger volumes are bargains, Pyrite and Chalcopyrite in photo 6 are interlaced with gold particles chalcopyrite and pyrite, with the larger size of 17 microns of gold. In the first phase were carried out metallurgical testing with the hub centrifugal Knelson with 5 kg of sample, gravitational force of 60 G’s and water pressure of 3 psi, for different particle sizes as 52.25%, 60.66%, 67.13% and 74.64% - 200 mesh. The metallurgical balances indicate that the best test is...

The study sample is a refractory ore with an average grade of 19.31 g/TM provided by artisanal miners in the area and Yanga from the province of Canta, Lima. The mineralogy of the sample showed the presence of the following minerals: Gold, Chalcopyrite, covellite, chalcocite, sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, magnetite, hematite, goethite, rutile and bargains as photos indicate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The minerals found in larger volumes are bargains, Pyrite and Chalcopyrite in photo 6 are interlaced with gold particles chalcopyrite and pyrite, with the larger size of 17 microns of gold. In the first phase were carried out metallurgical testing with the hub centrifugal Knelson with 5 kg of sample, gravitational force of 60 G’s and water pressure of 3 psi, for different particle sizes as 52.25%, 60.66%, 67.13% and 74.64% - 200 mesh. The metallurgical balances indicate that the best test is...

In the northern and central zones of Peru there exist minerals of Pb-Ag that contain high amounts of As-Sb; by flotation one can not eliminate these elements and they yield in the concentrate of flotation; from 0.5% to 2.0% they receive economic losses for each additional 0.10%; up to 3% the losses are more severe and at times difficult to place it in the market; major percentages of arsenic and antimony simply are rejected for smelting; in this research work we float a mineral of lead-silver, producing a concentrate with high amounts of impurities, said product, called unclean concentrate was leached out with sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide at different concentrations of the reactants, dilution of pulp and time of retention, determining the optimal conditions of leaching, obtaining a clear concentrate with higher grades of Pb-Ag (Table N.° 6) for easy commercialization. The flow di...

En la zona central y norte del Perú existen minerales de Pb-Ag que tienen altos contenidos de As y Sb. Por flotación no se pueden eliminar estos elementos y se reportan en el concentrado de flotación. Si el porcentaje hallado va de 0.50% a 2.0% reciben castigos económicos (por cada 0.10% adicional); si llegase al 3%, los castigos son más severos y, a veces, es difícil colocarlo en el mercado. Mayores porcentajes de arsénico y antimonio simplemente son rechazados por las fundiciones. En este trabajo de investigación flotamos un mineral de Pb-Ag produciendo un concentrado con alto contenido de impurezas, dicho producto, llamado concentrado sucio, fue lixiviado con hidróxido de sodio y sulfuro de sodio a diferentes concentraciones de los reactivos, dilusión de pulpa y tiempo de retención, determinando las condiciones óptimas de lixiviación; al final se obtuvo un concentrado lim...

Column flotation is particularly attractive for applications involving multiple cleaning stages in conventional cells and for complex minerals that have selectivity problems, substantially raising the grade of the concentrate (2-4%) and higher recovery (2-3%) , with a single cleaning stage, this equipment adapting very well to computer control. Its acceptance in the mining industry is increasing due to multiple advantages including lower cost of installation and operation, less space occupation, substantial decrease in energy consumption, mainly because it does not have a mechanical agitation system, and less consumption of reagents.

Column flotation is particularly attractive for applications involving multiple cleaning stages in conventional cells and for complex minerals that have selectivity problems, substantially raising the grade of the concentrate (2-4%) and higher recovery (2-3%) , with a single cleaning stage, this equipment adapting very well to computer control. Its acceptance in the mining industry is increasing due to multiple advantages including lower cost of installation and operation, less space occupation, substantial decrease in energy consumption, mainly because it does not have a mechanical agitation system, and less consumption of reagents.

The ore is complex and presents abundant content of sulphurs: pyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite, also in few proportion: chalcopyrite, sphalerite and probably sulfhosals that add: copper, silver, arsenic and antimony. Free gold is not appreciated in the obtained results, the major content of gold is in tails of flotation Cu-Ag, constituted by sulphurs of iron, as a non metallic residue prevails the quartz, coal and the insolubles, it is quite strong and naturally very acid, pH:5.3. It is possible to obtain a concentrate of flotation Cu-Ag, with As and Sb like pollutants and around 80% of the total gold stays in tails, to which we effect a direct cyanidation having variant like pH and granulometry, it has not been possible to leach more than 11 % of the gold contained in tails that gives 3.2 grams Au/TM, considering the current prices it has an approximate value 100 US $ Ton.

The need arises to take advantage of the best way to increase the added value of our mining products, specifically concentrates containing precious metals, to obtain maximum economic benefit. A method is formulated to determine optimal conditions for leaching concentrates. This method is fundamentally based on cyaniding gold concentrates that respond efficiently to this process, then developing alternatives for the recovery of Au and Ag from pregnant solutions, using the known methods of carbon in pulp and merrill crowe or another that consists of selectively precipitating silver with sodium sulfide and from the remaining solution, recover the gold with activated carbon, efficiently obtaining high quality separate products.

The need arises to take advantage of the best way to increase the added value of our mining products, specifically concentrates containing precious metals, to obtain maximum economic benefit. A method is formulated to determine optimal conditions for leaching concentrates. This method is fundamentally based on cyaniding gold concentrates that respond efficiently to this process, then developing alternatives for the recovery of Au and Ag from pregnant solutions, using the known methods of carbon in pulp and merrill crowe or another that consists of selectively precipitating silver with sodium sulfide and from the remaining solution, recover the gold with activated carbon, efficiently obtaining high quality separate products.