Los cambios en los marcadores de composición corporal (peso, masa grasa, masa magra e IMC) a lo largo del tiempo pueden asociarse con el resultado del tratamiento de la TB en pacientes infectados por el VIH. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si los cambios en la masa grasa y magra se asociaron con la respuesta al tratamiento entre los pacientes con infección por VIH y tuberculosis pulmonar. Materiales y métodos: Este fue un estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se analizaron los datos de pacientes infectados por el VIH que comenzaron la terapia contra la tuberculosis. Esto incluyó la medición del peso corporal con equipo de bioimpedancia al inicio del estudio, un mes y dos meses después de comenzar el tratamiento de la TB. Resultados: El estudio se realizó en 125 pacientes, 17 pacientes (13,6%) murieron durante el tratamiento, de los cuales 5 murieron durante el primer mes de t...

This work was funded in part by National Institutes of Health through awards 5D43TW006581 "Infectious Diseases Training Program in Peru'' and R21 AI094143 "Cough-A Rapid Indication of Response to Therapy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis''. JL and MB were supported by NIH Fogarty Foundation fellowships. G. Comina wants to thank the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Tecnologica of Peru (CONCYTEC) for their support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

The objective was to develop and validate a risk score for detecting cases of undiagnosed diabetes in a resource-constrained country. Methods. Two population based studies in Peruvian population aged ≥35 years were used in the analysis: the ENINBSC survey and the CRONICAS Cohort Study. Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L was used to diagnose diabetes in both studies. Coefficients for risk score were derived from the ENINBSC data and then the performance was validated using both baseline and follow-up data of the CRONICAS Cohort Study.

This study was funded in part by NIH grant no.U01A135894-01 and funds by CONCYTEC, Lima, Peru.The authors thank J.D. Moro, N. Perez-Palma, J.B. Phu, D.Sara, Amanda Chavez and Eva Casas for editorial help.We also thank Armando Gonzales, Cesar Gavidia, NestorFalcon for helpful comments and M. Gamarra and R.Zarate from Tupac Amaru for their cooperation.

This study was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog ??a (CONCYTEC).We wish to thank Dr. Peter Schantz for manuscript review and the people and authoritiesof the farming cooperative of Tupac Amaru in Junin, Peru.

This study was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONCYTEC), Lima, Peru. We thank Dr. Peter Schantz for constructive comments and review of the manuscript.

This study was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. U01-A135894, awarded to The Johns Hopkins University), the RG-ER Fund, and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a (CONCYTEC; Lima, Peru).

This study was funded by CONCYTEC-PROCYT 245-2008 and FINCyT-EQUIP 100-2009. MZ was a grantee of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPPOPP1140557). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Aims: To determine the predictive performance of well-known obesity markers: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR), and total body fat percentage (TBF%), to identify incident cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the CRONICAS Cohort Study, conducted in 3 regions of Peru. Participants without T2DM at baseline were selected for analyses. The obesity markers were evaluated at the beginning of the study, and the development of T2DM was determined at 30 months of follow-up. The predictive performance of the markers was calculated using areas under the curve (AUC), and sensitivity and specificity of the best cutoff points were estimated. Results: A total of 2510 participants with no diabetes at baseline, median age 54.1 years (inter-quartile range: 44.6 to 63.5), were included in the analysis. The...

Se compara la incidencia de úlceras del pie diabético (DFU) entre los participantes que reciben termometría sola y aquellos que reciben termometría, así como mHealth (SMS y mensajes de voz) durante un período de estudio de un año.

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is considered the pivot drug in all tuberculosis treatment regimens due to its particular action on the persistent forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, no drug susceptibility test (DST) is considered sufficiently reliable for routine application. Although molecular tests are endorsed, their application is limited to known PZA resistance associated mutations. Microbiological DSTs for PZA have been restricted by technical limitations, especially the necessity for an acidic pH. Here, for the first time, MODS culture at neutral pH was evaluated using high PZA concentrations (400 and 800 _g/ml) to determine PZA susceptibility directly from sputum samples. Sputum samples were cultured with PZA for up to 21 days at 37°C. Plate reading was performed at two time points: R1 (mean, 10 days) and R2 (mean, 13 days) for each PZA concentration. A consensus reference test, c...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) currently affects nearly 1 in 160 children worldwide. In over two-thirds of evaluations, no validated diagnostics are used and gold standard diagnostic tools are used in less than 5% of evaluations. Currently, the diagnosis of ASD requires lengthy and expensive tests, in addition to clinical confirmation. Therefore, fast, cheap, portable, and easy-to-administer screening instruments for ASD are required. Several studies have shown that children with ASD have a lower preference for social scenes compared with children without ASD. Based on this, eye-tracking and measurement of gaze preference for social scenes has been used as a screening tool for ASD. Currently available eye-tracking software requires intensive calibration, training, or holding of the head to prevent interference with gaze recognition limiting its use in children with ASD.

To characterize the association between altitude and urbanization and lipid profile among Peruvian adults aged $35 years.

Una sola lesión realzada en el parénquima cerebral, también llamado granuloma inflamatorio, es un diagnóstico neurológico frecuente. Una de las causas más comunes de esta lesión es la neurocisticercosis humana, la infección por las larvas de la tenia porcina, Taenia solium. Luego de la demostración de que los quistes de cisticercosis viables sobreviven en buenas condiciones durante varios años en el cerebro humano, los granulomas de cisticerco individual se han interpretado de manera sistemática como una degeneración tardía de un parásito de larga data. Sobre la base de la evidencia epidemiológica, clínica y de laboratorio detallada en este artículo, planteamos la hipótesis de que, en la mayoría de los casos, estas lesiones inflamatorias se corresponden con parásitos que mueren en los primeros pasos de la infección, probablemente como resultado natural de la inmunida...

Although pyrazinamide (PZA) is a key component of first- and second-line tuberculosis treatment regimens, there is no gold standard to determine PZA resistance. Approximately 50% of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and over 90% of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) strains are also PZA resistant. pncA sequencing is the endorsed test to evaluate PZA susceptibility. However, molecular methods have limitations for their wide application. In this study, we standardized and evaluated a new method, MODS-Wayne, to determine PZA resistance. MODS-Wayne is based on the detection of pyrazinoic acid, the hydrolysis product of PZA, directly in the supernatant of sputum cultures by detecting a color change following the addition of 10% ferrous ammonium sulfate. Using a PZA concentration of 800 μg/ml, sensitivity and specificity were evaluated at three different periods of incub...

Geographical and environmental features such as urbanization and altitude may influence individual's lipid profiles because of the diversity of human-environment interactions including lifestyles.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The patient compliance with the long treatment regimens is essential for successful eradication. Pyrazinamide (PZA) shortens these regimens from 9 to 6 months, and therefore, improves treatment completion rates. Although PZA is a first-line medication for the treatment of TB, no simple or reliable assay to determine PZA resistance is yet available. In the presence of PZA, only susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains release pyrazinoic acid (POA). Therefore, the measurement and quantification of released POA is an indicator of PZA resistance.

The initial development of the algorithm was funded by a Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellowship awarded to DAJM [078067/Z/05] and by the Peruvian FINCYT Proyecto de Interes Nacional [PIN 061] and CONCYTEC PROCYT awarded to MZ. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis nicotinamidase-pyrazinamidase (PZAse) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes conversion of nicotinamide-pyrazinamide to nicotinic acid-pyrazinoic acid. This study investigated whether a metallochaperone is required for optimal PZAse activity. M. tuberculosis and Escherichia coli PZAses (PZAse-MT and PZAse-EC, respectively) were inactivated by metal depletion (giving PZAse-MT–Apo and PZAse-EC–Apo). Reactivation with the E. coli metallochaperone ZnuA or Rv2059 (the M. tuberculosis analog) was measured. This was repeated following proteolytic and thermal treatment of ZnuA and Rv2059. The CDC1551 M. tuberculosis reference strain had the Rv2059 coding gene knocked out, and PZA susceptibility and the pyrazinoic acid (POA) efflux rate were measured. ZnuA (200 M) achieved 65% PZAse-EC–Apo reactivation. Rv2059 (1 M) and ZnuA (1 M) achieved 69% and 34.3% PZAse-MT–Apo ...

Las Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) son ambientes ideales para la recombinación de genes de resistencia a antibióticos (GRA) entre bacterias: colectan heces de miles de personas y las mezclan bajo condiciones que promueven el crecimiento bacteriano para convertir materia orgánica en inorgánica, usualmente en presencia de antibióticos de uso clínico y veterinario. Las aguas tratadas son descargadas en ríos y océanos o utilizados para la irrigación de cultivos y áreas verdes en la ciudad, promoviendo la reintroducción de bacterias resistentes y GRAs en el ambiente y en poblaciones humanas. Es así como los microbiomas de aguas residuales se convierten en potenciales reservorios de GRAs disponibles para patógenos humanos. Entre 2013 y 2015, realizamos muestreos mensuales de aguas pre y post-tratamiento de una PTAR de Lima que procesa residuos de casi un millón...