“Access to safe drinking water has increased in Peru over the last decades, from 47% (2008) to 52% (2018). Nevertheless, such access would differ according to socioeconomic and regional factors. Thus, this study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequality in the access to safe drinking water and identify its spatial distribution. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the secondary data analysis of the 2021 Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey. Access to safe drinking water was a dummy variable categorised as safe if the residual chlorine concentration was 0.5 mg/L. Nationwide, 29.22% of households had access to safe drinking water. A pro-rich inequality in access to safe drinking water was observed. The spatial distribution was clustered. Significant hotspots were found in the south and centre of the country; however, cold spots were found in most areas. SaTScan analysis ide...

“Access to safe drinking water has increased in Peru over the last decades, from 47% (2008) to 52% (2018). Nevertheless, such access would differ according to socioeconomic and regional factors. Thus, this study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequality in the access to safe drinking water and identify its spatial distribution. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the secondary data analysis of the 2021 Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey. Access to safe drinking water was a dummy variable categorised as safe if the residual chlorine concentration was 0.5 mg/L. Nationwide, 29.22% of households had access to safe drinking water. A pro-rich inequality in access to safe drinking water was observed. The spatial distribution was clustered. Significant hotspots were found in the south and centre of the country; however, cold spots were found in most areas. SaTScan analysis ide...

"Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales asociados a la anemia en niños de 1 a 5 años de Perú según la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (DHS, por sus siglas en inglés Demographic and Health Survey). Metodología: Para determinar los posibles factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales asociados a la anemia, se hizo un subanálisis de la DHS 2017, tomando en cuenta un intervalo de confianza del 95% y considerando los parámetros de complejidad de la encuesta. Se describieron las frecuencias relativas en el análisis univariado. Para el análisis bivariado se empleó el test de chi cuadrado para las variables categóricas y t-Student para las variables continuas. Para el modelo de regresión múltiple, se realizó una regresión de Poisson cruda y ajustada con el método de selección de variables tipo backward. Principales resultados: La...

"El acceso al agua potable ha aumentado en el Perú en las últimas décadas, del 47% (2008) al 52% (2018). Sin embargo, dicho acceso difieren según factores socioeconómicos y regionales. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la desigualdad socioeconómica en el acceso a servicios seguros agua potable e identificar su distribución espacial. Realizamos un estudio transversal basado en el análisis de datos secundarios del año 2021. Encuesta de Demografía y Salud del Perú. El acceso al agua potable fue una variable ficticia categorizada como segura si el cloro residual La concentración fue de 0,5 mg/L. A nivel nacional, el 29,22% de los hogares tenía acceso a agua potable. Una desigualdad a favor de los ricos en el acceso a la seguridad. Se observó agua potable. La distribución espacial fue agrupada. Se encontraron importantes puntos críticos en el sur y el centro del pa...

Background: Ensuring broad COVID-19 vaccination coverage among migrants is a global public health concern. Thus, our study aimed to assess the factors associated with not receiving the primary series and booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine among Venezuelan migrants in Peru. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on secondary data analysis of the 2022 Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey. Our population included Venezuelan migrants and refugees over 18 years old living in Peru with complete information for the variables of interest. Two outcome variables were assessed: not receiving the primary series and not receiving the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Crude and adjusted prevalences were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 7,727 Venezuelan adults were included in our study, of whom 6,511 completed the primary series. The overall COVID-1...

Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the world, especially among young people. This study is relevant to policy makers because it expands the knowledge regarding drug use in vulnerable youth, al-lowing health authorities to reduce marijuana consumption via educa-tional, family, and governmental strategies and policies. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of frequent marijuana consumption and its associated factors in young people before admission to juvenile detention centers in Peru. The data was taken from the 2016 National Population Census of the Youth Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Centers in Peru. The final sample was made up of 1,848 people with ages between 14 and 22 years old, with a median age of 17 (95.6% males). The variable frequent marijuana consumption was de-fined as the use of marijuana at least once a week, prior to entering the cente...

Objective: To identify the associated factors and assess the inequalities of full vaccination coverage (FVC) among Peruvian infants aged 12–23 months during the COVID-19 pandemic in a nationally representative sample. Methods: We carried out a population-based cross-sectional study based on a secondary data analysis using the 2021 Peruvian Demographic Health Survey (DHS) in infants aged 12 to 23 months. The sampling design was probabilistic, multistage, stratified, and independent at both departmental and area of residence levels. FVC was defined according to the WHO definition. We performed generalized linear models (GLM) Poisson family log link function to estimate crude (aPR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Also, for inequality assessment, we calculated the concentration curve (CC), concentration index (CI), and Erreygers normalized concentration index (ECI). Results: We inclu...

Objective: To assess the correlation between COVID-19 vaccination coverage and the Human Development Index (HDI) at the provincial level in Peru. Study design: Ecological study. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional ecological study based on secondary data analysis. Coverages of the first, second, and third doses of the vaccine against COVID-19 and the HDI were evaluated. The magnitude of the correlations was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients with their corresponding bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Scatter plots were also constructed. Results: A total of 196 provinces were included. There was a moderate correlation between the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and the HDI (r = 0.3807 [95% CI 0.2585–0.5030], p < 0.0001). The same direction was found for the second (r = 0.4064 [95% CI 0.2853–0.5276], p < 0.0001) and third dose (r = 0.4435 [95% C...

Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales asociados a la anemia en niños de 1 a 5 años de Perú según la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (DHS, por sus siglas en inglés Demographic and Health Survey). Metodología: Para determinar los posibles factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales asociados a la anemia, se hizo un subanálisis de la DHS 2017, tomando en cuenta un intervalo de confianza del 95% y considerando los parámetros de complejidad de la encuesta. Se describieron las frecuencias relativas en el análisis univariado. Para el análisis bivariado se empleó el test de chi cuadrado para las variables categóricas y t-Student para las variables continuas. Para el modelo de regresión múltiple, se realizó una regresión de Poisson cruda y ajustada con el método de selección de variables tipo backward. Principales resultados: La ...

Objective: To quantify the inequalities of anemia in Peruvian children aged 6–59 months and uncover its contributing factors. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the secondary data analysis of the 2021 Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Our sample included Peruvian children aged 6–59 months with complete data for the variables of interest. Anemia was defined as having a hemoglobin level of less than 11 g/dL, adjusted by altitude. Erreygers Concentration Index (ECI) and concentration curves were computed to estimate the socio-economic inequality in anemia among Peruvian children. Moreover, ECI was decomposed to figure out the contributing factors to the inequality of anemia and the residual variation. Results: Nationwide, the prevalence of anemia in Peruvian children was 29.47%. We found a pro-poor inequality regarding anemia at the national...

Objective To assess the spatial distribution, trends and determinants of crude full vaccination coverage (FVC) in children aged 12-59 months between 2010 and 2019 in Peru. Design, setting and analysis A cross-sectional study based on the secondary data analysis of the 2010 and 2019 Peruvian Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) was conducted. Logit based multivariate decomposition analysis was employed to identify factors contributing to differences in FVC between 2010 and 2019. The spatial distribution of FVC in 2019 was evaluated through spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran's I), ordinary kriging interpolation (Gaussian process regression) and Bernoulli-based purely spatial scan statistic. Outcome measure FVC, as crude coverage, was defined as having completely received BCG; three doses of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, and polio vaccines; and measles vaccine by 12 months of age....

Purpose: Depression has become a major health concern, particularly in developing countries. This disorder is highly prevalent among certain vulnerable populations, such as prisoners. In Peru, prisons are overcrowded, and the health of prisoners is neglected. Thus, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression diagnosed during incarceration in male inmates from all Peruvian prisons and assess its associated factors. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the secondary data analysis of the National Census of Prison Population 2016 in Peru. This study included records of prisoners who reported whether they were diagnosed with depression by a health-care professional after admission into the prisons. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed. Findings: Of the 63,312 prisoners included in this study, 1,007 reported an in-...

Cedecea lapagei is a gram-negative, non-encapsulated, facultative anaerobic bacterium that has been reported in only a few cases with varying clinical presentations, drug susceptibility, and treatment since its first isolation in 1981. This study aimed to describe a case report of C. lapagei in Peru and systematically review the documented case reports of individuals infected with C. lapagei. A 59-year-old man who had become bedridden with Parkinson’s disease and had epilepsy presented with a 1-week history of fever and sore throat and was admitted. Physical examination revealed an obtundation state and abolished vesicular murmur in the right hemithorax. During hospitalization, the patient was diagnosed with various infections, including tuberculosis, for which he received broad-spectrum antibiotics. In the absence of clinical improvement, a urine culture was performed showing C. lapag...

Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with food insecurity (FI) among Venezuelan migrants residing in Peru. Secondarily, to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Design: A cross-sectional study based on secondary data analysis of the 2022 Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey (ENPOVE-2022, from the Spanish acronym) was conducted. FI was measured with the FIES, whose properties were tested using the Rasch model. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to estimate relative prevalence ratios with their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals. Setting: This survey was conducted in February and March 2022 in the eight cities most populated by Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Peru. Participants: Venezuelan migrants and refugees over the age of 18 years living in Peru. Results: A total of 7727 participants were included. Ra...

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre los factores sociodemográficos y reproductivos, y la fecundidad adicional no deseada (FAND) en el Perú según la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del 2018. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico transversal, a partir de la ENDES del Perú del año 2018. La FAND es una variable que se creó a partir de la diferencia numérica entre la fecundidad obtenida y la fecundidad deseada. Se categorizó la variable FAND en dos categorías: la diferencia numérica positiva correspondió a presencia de FAND; y la diferencia numérica negativa o nula correspondió a ausencia de FAND. Se realizó una regresión de Poisson, tanto cruda como ajustada. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de 6944 mujeres entre 40 y 49 años, con una edad promedio de 44,3. Se halló una prevalencia de FAND de 72,5% (IC95%: 70,4%-74...

Introduction: Anemia is a global public health issue that affects mainly children aged less than 5 years. In Peru, despite the reduction in the prevalence of anemia between 2010 and 2018, anemia remains a major concern, especially in high-risk zones such as rural areas. Several sociodemographic factors have been associated with anemia in children; however, components contributing to the urban–rural gap have not been previously assessed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the determinants of the difference in anemia prevalence between urban and rural areas, and its spatial distribution in Peruvian children aged 6–59 months. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2019 Peruvian Demographic Health Survey. The study population included 18 846 children aged 6–59 months. A multivariate decomposition analysis for non-linear response model was performed to identif...

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major global public health issues. Migrants represent a vulnerable group that faces multiple barriers to access to healthcare services, including HIV/STI testing. This study aimed to assess the factors associated with access to HIV/STI testing in male and female Venezuelan migrants in Peru. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving secondary data analysis of the 2022 Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey. The study was conducted in the eight most populated cities inhabited by Venezuelan migrants and refugees. For each city, the sampling design was probabilistic, stratified, and independent. The outcome variable was whether participants had access to HIV or other STI testing during their stay in Peru. Statistical analysis was stratified by sex owing to potential effect...

Introducción: Las vacunas son una de las medidas de salud pública más costo-efectivas. A pesar de que el esquema de vacunación de Perú es completo y accesible, su cobertura permanece baja. Objetivo: Evaluar los determinantes, tendencias y distribución espacial de la cobertura completa de vacunación en niños de 13 a 59 meses en el periodo 2010-2019 en Perú. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud Familiar (DHS) del 2010 y 2019. Se definió cobertura completa de vacunación como haber recibido las vacunas: Bacilo de Calmette–Guérin (BCG); tres dosis de DPT (difteria, tetanos, pertussis) y de polio; y una dosis de sarampión. Se empleó el análisis de descomposición multivariada para identificar factores que contribuyeron al cambio en la cobertura completa de vacunación. La distribución espacial de la cobertura completa de...

We conducted a secondary data analysis based on the 2014, 2015, and 2016 Demographic and Health Surveys to determine the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and depressive symptoms in Peruvian women aged 15–45 years. Depressive symptoms were assessed through the PHQ-9, while IPV was assessed through the CTS-2. A total of 24,099 subjects were included. The prevalence of depressive symptoms and IPV was 6.98% and 64.72%, respectively. Victims of IPV were 2.47 times more likely to have depressive symptoms compared to those who were never assaulted. In conclusion, there is a strong association between IPV and depressive symptoms.

Introduction: Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is a hematological neoplasm belonging to the group of monoclonal gammopathies, which includes systemic symptoms and those related to an increase in M paraprotein. Objective: To describe a case of cardiac amyloidosis associated with macroglobulinemia. Clinical case: Male patient who was admitted for asthenia, dysphonia, and who, during his evolution, developed progressive dyspnea, heart failure and pleural effusion. Additionally, echocardiography showed myocardial granular pattern, while pleural biopsy was positive for Congo red staining. Subsequently, he received treatment with bortezomib, dexamethasone and rituximab, with favorable evolution. Conclusions: In this disease, early diagnosis is an important advantage for survival. Therefore, its management is palliative of cardiac manifestations. The present case shows a diagnostic challenge, i...