The β-galactosidases (EC3.2.1.23) are glycosyl hydrolases which mainly catalyze the hydrolysis of β-D-galactosides in various types of microorganisms, which are used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides. One of the potential sources for the production of enzymes that show these characteristics are microorganisms from extreme environments, such as salt brine. In this study, was cloned and characterized the betagalactosidase gene from Bacillus sp MSP7 isolated from Pilluana saltern in San Martin, Peru, because it shown enzymatic activity of 65 U/mg dried cells, the greatest activity than other four Bacillus sp. strains isolated from same village. For this, specific primers were designed from regions of consensus amino acid sequences of the Bacillus genus from available betagaltosidase sequences in data banks. Betagalactsidase gene of Bacillus sp. MSP7 was amplified by polymerase chain re...

The β-galactosidases (EC3.2.1.23) are glycosyl hydrolases which mainly catalyze the hydrolysis of β-D-galactosides in various types of microorganisms, which are used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides. One of the potential sources for the production of enzymes that show these characteristics are microorganisms from extreme environments, such as salt brine. In this study, was cloned and characterized the betagalactosidase gene from Bacillus sp MSP7 isolated from Pilluana saltern in San Martin, Peru, because it shown enzymatic activity of 65 U/mg dried cells, the greatest activity than other four Bacillus sp. strains isolated from same village. For this, specific primers were designed from regions of consensus amino acid sequences of the Bacillus genus from available betagaltosidase sequences in data banks. Betagalactsidase gene of Bacillus sp. MSP7 was amplified by polymerase chain re...

The use of the lasctobacilos as probiotics has been increased due to its beneficial properties for the human and animal health. With the objective to identify and to obtain native starais of lactobacilos to be used as probiotics , 9 isolated lactobacilos from different natural sources were selected. The Lactobacillus species were identified by carbohydrate fermentation patterns and by the Polymerase Chain Reaction using specific primers designed from 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions. The selected lactobacilos belong to the following species: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lb acidophilus, Lb. casei and Lb. fermentum corresponding in number of strains by species 3, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The probiotic potential of these microorganismos was determined by low pH stability, tolerance to bile and their antimicrobial activity against the enteric pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichi...

In the present study it was determined the genetic variability of Listería monocytogenes strains ísolated of raw milk from 11 dairy farms that sell this nutritional product in Lima. 250 units of sample equivalent to 50 raw milk samples were taken accordíng to FDA rules and they were streaked on the spedfic Oxford and Palcam media. L. monocytogenes was isolated in 8% (4/50) samples, 2 of Puente Piedra and 2 of Lurin. In 4% (2/50) of the samples was got Listeria spp. By positive sample 4 colonies were taken obtaining a total of 16 L. momocytogenes isolates, these were identified by biochemical tests and the polymerase chain reaction. L. monocytogenes strains were genotyping by the technique of the Random Amplified Polimorphíc DNA (RAPD) using 10 primers of arbitrary sequence. The RAPD protiles were very homogenous in the 16 isolates, generating only three genotypes named I,II and III t...

The bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a protein which plays a role as a proton pump when is stimulated by light. The bR is involved in ATP's synthesis through a process of transductíon, turning light energy into chemical energy(photosynthesis). The bR codífied by bop gene and located in the cell envelope, covers up to 50 % of the extreme haloarchaeas when the environment is anaerobic. This feature shows a maximum degree of adjustment to anaerobic conditions of halophilic microorganism. Since the bR functíon as photoreceptor was proposed, several studies have been done in order to elucidate its amino acid sequence, structural conformation, physicochemical properties and expression and gene regulation characteristics. The excellent bR's photochemical and thermodynamic properties make it a peculiar molecule and a candidate to biotechnological applications in biocomputation for example in optical...

The use of the lasctobacilos as probiotics has been increased due to its beneficial properties for the human and animal health. With the objective to identify and to obtain native starais of lactobacilos to be used as probiotics , 9 isolated lactobacilos from different natural sources were selected. The Lactobacillus species were identified by carbohydrate fermentation patterns and by the Polymerase Chain Reaction using specific primers designed from 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions. The selected lactobacilos belong to the following species: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lb acidophilus, Lb. casei and Lb. fermentum corresponding in number of strains by species 3, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The probiotic potential of these microorganismos was determined by low pH stability, tolerance to bile and their antimicrobial activity against the enteric pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichi...

In the present study it was determined the genetic variability of Listería monocytogenes strains ísolated of raw milk from 11 dairy farms that sell this nutritional product in Lima. 250 units of sample equivalent to 50 raw milk samples were taken accordíng to FDA rules and they were streaked on the spedfic Oxford and Palcam media. L. monocytogenes was isolated in 8% (4/50) samples, 2 of Puente Piedra and 2 of Lurin. In 4% (2/50) of the samples was got Listeria spp. By positive sample 4 colonies were taken obtaining a total of 16 L. momocytogenes isolates, these were identified by biochemical tests and the polymerase chain reaction. L. monocytogenes strains were genotyping by the technique of the Random Amplified Polimorphíc DNA (RAPD) using 10 primers of arbitrary sequence. The RAPD protiles were very homogenous in the 16 isolates, generating only three genotypes named I,II and III t...

The bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a protein which plays a role as a proton pump when is stimulated by light. The bR is involved in ATP's synthesis through a process of transductíon, turning light energy into chemical energy(photosynthesis). The bR codífied by bop gene and located in the cell envelope, covers up to 50 % of the extreme haloarchaeas when the environment is anaerobic. This feature shows a maximum degree of adjustment to anaerobic conditions of halophilic microorganism. Since the bR functíon as photoreceptor was proposed, several studies have been done in order to elucidate its amino acid sequence, structural conformation, physicochemical properties and expression and gene regulation characteristics. The excellent bR's photochemical and thermodynamic properties make it a peculiar molecule and a candidate to biotechnological applications in biocomputation for example in optical...

The aim of this study was to characterize halotolerant bacteria producing hydrolases of biotechnological interest isolated from hot springs from Tarapoto. For that, water samples were collected and plated on trypticase soy agar containing 5% sodium chloride at 37 °C for 24 h. 14 aerobic bacterial isolates were selected to show colonies of different size, colour and consistency, then morphological and physiological properties and hydrolytic capacity to tween 80, starch, gelatin, carboximetilcellulose, lactose were determined. The 14 isolates were grouped according to substrate hydrolyzation profiles in groups: I (starch), II (lactose), III (Tween 80 and gelatin) , IV (tween 80 and starch ), V (starch, gelatin, lactose), VI (tween 80, starch and gelatin) corresponding in number of bacteria 1; 1; 1; 5; 1,5; respectively. 86% (12/14) of isolates hydrolyzed more than one substrate, but none ...

The aim of this study was to characterize halotolerant bacteria producing hydrolases of biotechnological interest isolated from hot springs from Tarapoto. For that, water samples were collected and plated on trypticase soy agar containing 5% sodium chloride at 37 °C for 24 h. 14 aerobic bacterial isolates were selected to show colonies of different size, colour and consistency, then morphological and physiological properties and hydrolytic capacity to tween 80, starch, gelatin, carboximetilcellulose, lactose were determined. The 14 isolates were grouped according to substrate hydrolyzation profiles in groups: I (starch), II (lactose), III (Tween 80 and gelatin) , IV (tween 80 and starch ), V (starch, gelatin, lactose), VI (tween 80, starch and gelatin) corresponding in number of bacteria 1; 1; 1; 5; 1,5; respectively. 86% (12/14) of isolates hydrolyzed more than one substrate, but none ...

The maín objectíve of this study was to evaluate the genotype frequency for the presence of the Alu TPA-25 insertíon in fue 8 intron of the tíssue plasminogen activator gene (TPA) in a population of 50 students belonging to the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. It was used the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in order to amplify the region containing the Alu insertion and to determine the presence of TPA-25. The genotype frequency was determined by count of the presence or absence of the Alu insertion and then, evaluated across the test of Chi-square (X2) to know if they were in Hardy-Weinberg's balance. The genotype frequency for the presence of TPA-25 was in Hardy-Weínberg's balance (X2= 1.366, P = 0.505): homocigote 0.108, heterocigote 0.568 and homocigote absence 0.324. In conclusion, in the studied population exists a predomi...

The maín objectíve of this study was to evaluate the genotype frequency for the presence of the Alu TPA-25 insertíon in fue 8 intron of the tíssue plasminogen activator gene (TPA) in a population of 50 students belonging to the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. It was used the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in order to amplify the region containing the Alu insertion and to determine the presence of TPA-25. The genotype frequency was determined by count of the presence or absence of the Alu insertion and then, evaluated across the test of Chi-square (X2) to know if they were in Hardy-Weinberg's balance. The genotype frequency for the presence of TPA-25 was in Hardy-Weínberg's balance (X2= 1.366, P = 0.505): homocigote 0.108, heterocigote 0.568 and homocigote absence 0.324. In conclusion, in the studied population exists a predomi...

Listeriosis primarily affects pregnant women, newborns, elderly people and patients with low immune response, among others, and is caused by Listeria monocytoges. In this study we characterized molecularly 20 strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from 18 cases of perinatal listeriosis in Hospital San Bartolomé of Lima-Perú, during 2001 to 2005 years. The bacteria were characterized initially by conventional bacteriological testing, such as β-hemolysis incomplete, CAMP reaction positive with Staphylococcus aureus and negative with Rhodococcus equi and the differential utilization of carbohydrates as D-glucose and L-rhamnose, but not D-xylose and D-mannitol. Then, strains were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and typified by the technique of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers using OMP-01, M13, M132, PJ108 and PJ108. With primers OMP-01 and PJ108 were obtained s...

In order to isolate halotolerant bacteria with lipolytic activity from the Pilluana Salterns in San Martin, saline soil samples were collected and cultured in 5% salt water agar containing 0,5% yeast extract. It was pre-selected 55 bacteria with different morphological characteristics, these bacteria were grown simultaneously in 5% salt water agar containing 1% tributyrin, Tween 80 and olive oil. It was selected 14 bacteria based on the ability to hydrolyze specific substrates and shown high salt tolerance rate between 0 to 25%. These bacteria grew optimally at pH 7 and 37 °C, six were Gram positive and Gram negative eight, 12 bacteria hydrolyzed tributyrin, Tween 80 and olive oil, six produced amylases and proteases. The 14 halotolerant bacteria with lipolytic activity isolated from the Pilluana salterns are promising lipase production sources and oily waste bio-treatment.

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are enzymes that belong to a great protein family, at the moment classified in 12 groups; that they share similar enzymatic function and structure. In agreement with the biochemical characteristics and the cellular origin, phospholipases are classified like: citosolic (cPCLA2), secretory (sPLA2) and intracellular (iPLA2). The relation structure-activity, of this protein group is a challenge for biochemists, molecular biologists, toxicologists, pharmacologists and physiologists. PLA2 has been identified in tissues of mammals, mainly in diverse snake venoms and some bacteria and plants. Numerous physiological and physiopathological functions without toxicity have been attributed to PLA2 of mammals. In oppsosite, PLA2 of venoms are toxic and induce pharmacological effects that are half-full probably by membrane receivers, diverse isoenzimas of PLA2 of venoms are inv...

The use of quinolones for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) has increased dramatically, a fact that has led to the emergence of resistant strains of pathogen. The aim of the study was to determine the profiles and molecular mechanisms of quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. For this, 3 sensitive strains of E. coli uropathogenic and 58 quinolone-resistant strains were used in the antimicrobial sensitivity with the disk diffusion method for nalidixic acid (W), ciprofloxacin (Cip), levofloxacin (Lvx), norfloxacin (Nfx) and moxifloxacin (Mxf). For molecular tests were used polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing of gyr A gene. Excel, Blastn and ClustalX programs were used for data analysis. Uropathogenic E. coli strains showed two major patterns: 25,90% resisted W and 43,10% resisted WCipNorLvxMxf. ...

In the present study were evaluated the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity and satisfaction degree of a drink made with purple corn and stevia. Were used HPLC, ABTS, ORAC, DPPH methods and was done comparison according to the hedonic scale. Results showed close phenolic compounds to 2 mg/mL, high in anthocyanins (50,84 mg/100 mL) and antioxidant activity with ABTS (TEAC 17,96 pmol/mL), ORAC (31,01 μmol TEAC/mL) and DPPH (GAE 0,706 mg/mL). The useful life assessment revealed a synergistic effect between the purple corn anthocyanins and the active components of stevia. The satisfaction degree revealed that the formulation was described between "really like " (19%) and "like slightly " (33%) according to the hedonic scale about attributes of color, smell, taste and overall acceptability.

Listeriosis primarily affects pregnant women, newborns, elderly people and patients with low immune response, among others, and is caused by Listeria monocytoges. In this study we characterized molecularly 20 strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from 18 cases of perinatal listeriosis in Hospital San Bartolomé of Lima-Perú, during 2001 to 2005 years. The bacteria were characterized initially by conventional bacteriological testing, such as β-hemolysis incomplete, CAMP reaction positive with Staphylococcus aureus and negative with Rhodococcus equi and the differential utilization of carbohydrates as D-glucose and L-rhamnose, but not D-xylose and D-mannitol. Then, strains were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and typified by the technique of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers using OMP-01, M13, M132, PJ108 and PJ108. With primers OMP-01 and PJ108 were obtained s...

In order to isolate halotolerant bacteria with lipolytic activity from the Pilluana Salterns in San Martin, saline soil samples were collected and cultured in 5% salt water agar containing 0,5% yeast extract. It was pre-selected 55 bacteria with different morphological characteristics, these bacteria were grown simultaneously in 5% salt water agar containing 1% tributyrin, Tween 80 and olive oil. It was selected 14 bacteria based on the ability to hydrolyze specific substrates and shown high salt tolerance rate between 0 to 25%. These bacteria grew optimally at pH 7 and 37 °C, six were Gram positive and Gram negative eight, 12 bacteria hydrolyzed tributyrin, Tween 80 and olive oil, six produced amylases and proteases. The 14 halotolerant bacteria with lipolytic activity isolated from the Pilluana salterns are promising lipase production sources and oily waste bio-treatment.

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are enzymes that belong to a great protein family, at the moment classified in 12 groups; that they share similar enzymatic function and structure. In agreement with the biochemical characteristics and the cellular origin, phospholipases are classified like: citosolic (cPCLA2), secretory (sPLA2) and intracellular (iPLA2). The relation structure-activity, of this protein group is a challenge for biochemists, molecular biologists, toxicologists, pharmacologists and physiologists. PLA2 has been identified in tissues of mammals, mainly in diverse snake venoms and some bacteria and plants. Numerous physiological and physiopathological functions without toxicity have been attributed to PLA2 of mammals. In oppsosite, PLA2 of venoms are toxic and induce pharmacological effects that are half-full probably by membrane receivers, diverse isoenzimas of PLA2 of venoms are inv...