This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of embryo recovery in single ovulation, the quality of the embryos and the interspecies fertility through embryo transfer. Nine donor alpacas and 40 recipient llamas were used. Ultrasonography of the ovaries was done to determine the presence of an ovulatory follicle. Donors were naturally mated and washing of uterine horns was performed at 7 days post-breeding. After collecting the embryos, cloprostenol was injected to donors to induce luteolisis and reinitiate a new follicular wave. Four washes were performed with intervals of 15 days. The transfer of fresh embryos was done on day 7 (group 1) or 6 (group 2) after the induction of ovulation with buserelin to the recipients. The results showed that 58.3% of embryos were collected. Among them, 57.2, 23.8 and 19.0% were of grade 1, 2 and 3 respectively. None embryos were of grade 4. Fertility on ...

The characterization of the cellular forms found in vaginal smears of non-pregnant alpacas was carried out, as well as the characterization of the maturation index in various physiological stages (non-pregnant, pregnant, early post-partum, post-copula) and the description of the vaginal tissue of non-pregnant and pregnant females to determine structural differences. Differences in the maturation index between non-pregnant and pregnant alpacas could be useful as a diagnostic method of gestation.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia de recuperación de embriones de ovulación simple, la calidad de los embriones y la fertilidad de la transferencia embrionaria interespecie. Se utilizaron 9 alpacas donadoras y 40 llamas receptoras. Se les hizo el seguimiento ecográfico para determinar la presencia de folículos ovulatorios. Las donadoras fueron cubiertas mediante monta natural y el lavado de los cuernos uterinos se realizó a los 7 días de la cópula. Luego del lavado uterino se aplicó cloprostenol a las donadoras para inducir luteólisis y reiniciar una nueva onda folicular. Se realizaron cuatro lavados con un intervalo de 15 días entre lavados. Las transferencias de los embriones se hicieron en el día 7 (grupo I) y 6 (grupo II) pos-inducción de la ovulación con buserelina a las receptoras. Se recolectó el 58.3% de los embriones. El 57.2, 23.8 y 19.0...

Se realizó una caracterización de las formas celulares encontradas en frotices vaginales de alpacas vacías, así como la caracterización del índice de maduración en diferentes estadios fisiológicos (hembras vacías, preñadas, posparto temprano, pos-cópula) y la descripción del tejido vaginal de hembras vacías y preñadas para determinar diferencias estructurales. Las diferencias del índice de maduración entre alpacas vacías y preñadas podrían ser útiles como método de diagnóstico de gestación.

The descriptive study of the appendicular skeleton of the taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis) is presented. The appendicular skeleton of four specimens (2 females and 2 males) were used according to authorization No 158-2015-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. The appendicular skeleton was obtained according to the anatomical technique and the anatomical terms followed the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. The morphological structures of the appendicular skeleton have similarities to domestic ruminants, such as sheep and goats. The taruca presents particularities at the level of the acromion and coracoid process that is hooked at the level of the scapula, a proximal interosseal hole between the radius and ulna, and the presence of distal vestiges of the second and fifth metacarpal with their respective phalanges. The coxal bone is characterized by a thin and pointed sacral tuberosity, the rough and triangular isc...

The aim of this study was to determine some reproductive parameters (gestation rate, number of young, age distribution and reproductive age) of female vicuñas in two management systems: wild and captivity, in the Cusco Region, Peru. The capture of the animals ("Chaccus") were carried out between May and August 2017. The pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasound in 143 females, the presence of offspring by observing functional udder in the females, the age distribution and reproductive age by means of the records of capture and observation of the dentition. The percentage of gestation was of 74.6 and 79.4% for the wild and captivity systems, respectively. In the juvenile population were pregnant 29.9 and 4.4% in the wild and in captivity, respectively. The number of young animals in the wild was 36% and in captivity 53%. The proportion of young vicuñas was similar in both manag...

The concentrations of total proteins, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and 17-β-estradiol in the follicular fluid were determined in non-pregnant Huacaya alpacas in reproductive age according to the development of the ovarian follicle (size). In total, 60 slaughtered alpacas in the local slaughterhouse were used. Samples of small (<4 mm), medium (5-7 mm) and large (>7 mm) follicles were taken (n = 20 by size). The diameter of the follicles was measured with a vernier and the follicular fluid was aspirated. The samples were analysed in the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Puno, Peru) using colorimetric and spectrophotometric techniques. The concentration results for small, medium and large follicles were: total pro...

Two embryo production protocols were evaluated: superovulation and single ovulation, determining the collection rate and quality of the embryos, as well as fertility and natality during the reproductive and non-reproductive season, at 4200 meters above sea level and under field conditions. The collection rate of embryos in simple ovulation was 53% (44/83) embryos versus 242.3% (63/26) in superovulation. The quality of the embryos collected by single ovulation was: grade I (90.3 and 83.6%) and grade II (9.4 and 16.7%) and none of grade III; while in superovulation it was: grade I (76.6 and 87.5%), grade II (14.9 and 12.5%) and grade III (8.5 and 0%) for the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons, respectively. Fertility was similar between single ovulation (56.4%) and superovulation (56.0%). The birth rate was 41.1 and 30.0% for single ovulation and superovulation, respectively. It is ...

Alopecic areas have been described in the lateral and medial area of the metatarsus of South American camelids, and have been called "metatarsal glands", analogous to those present in cervids. In this study, tissue samples were collected from the metatarsal region of 8 specimens (6 adult alpacas and two foetuses [5 and 8 months]) in the slaughterhouse of Sicuani, Cusco (Peru), and were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed by the standard histological technique. Six samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin, PAS and Golden Masson's Trichrome, and were subsequently evaluated by brightfield microscopy, and two samples of adult alpacas were processed by freezing cutting with a cryostat and subsequent differential lipid staining with Nile red and nuclear contrast with Hoecht 33342 and evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. A high epidermal tissue was observed, made up of main cells o...

Knowledge of embryonic and foetal development is extremely important in order to establish normal development parameters, the health of the foetus, and to identify critical periods in the growth curve. One of these processes is the pattern of ossification. The present study describes the ossification pattern in alpaca embryos and foetuses using radiology and diaphanization techniques. Seventeen pregnant female alpacas were used for the collection of embryos and foetuses of various ages (32, 45, 60, 90, 118, 150, 165, 190, 220 and 280 days). The specimens were weighed, measured and radiographed, and later fixed in 10% buffered formalin to be subjected to the diaphanization process in potassium hydroxide and finally stained with Alizarin Red. The description of the specimens indicates that in embryos of 32 and 45 days there are no mineralized structures; however, it can be seen radiopaque ...

The gestation biometrics of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are described. The abdominal diameter was determined monthly from 10 pregnant alpacas. In addition, uterus of 49 pregnant alpacas were collected from the Maranganí herd (Cusco, Peru) and classified by gestational age known as mating date (every 30 days from day 30 to 330 [± 15 days]). Gravid uteri were weighed and measured, allantoic and amniotic fluid was removed and measured, and fetal weight and length were determined. The results indicate a slight increase in abdominal diameter until the end of gestation, the fetus gradually increases its weight as gestation progresses, being greater from the sixth month onwards. The total length of the fetus increases from month nine. The amniotic fluid represents less than 18% of the volume of the allantoic fluid, both fluids have low volumes. An increase in fluids could be observed towards m...

Ovarian follicular growth was described in alpaca weaned females maintained on native and cultivated pastures. Fifty-five alpacas of 8 months on average of age were used, divided into two groups, group 1 (cultivated pastures, n = 23) and group 2 (natural pastures, n = 33). Live weight, uterine size and follicular development using ultrasound were recorded every 15 days. At the first evaluation, 43.5% of small follicles were found in group 1 compared to 6.1 of small follicles in females of group 2. Median follicles were present in the two groups at 9 months of age in 9.1 and 30.1% respectively for groups 1 And 2. Large follicles are found in 5.5% of group 1 alpacas at an average age of 11 months and an average weight of 33.9 kg, while in group 2 it was observed that 3.0% of alpacas showed large follicles at an average age of 10.5 months and an average live weight of 28.1 kg. It is evident...

Se presenta el estudio descriptivo del esqueleto apendicular de la taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis). Se utilizó el esqueleto apendicular de cuatro especímenes (2 hembras y 2 machos), según autorización N.° 158-2015-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. El esqueleto apendicular fue obtenido según la técnica anatómica y los términos anatómicos siguen la Nómina Anatómica Veterinaria. Las estructuras morfológicas del esqueleto apendicular presentan similitudes a los rumiantes domésticos, como el ovino y la cabra. La taruca presenta particularidades a nivel del acromion y apófisis coracoides que es ganchosa a nivel de la escápula, un agujero interóseo proximal entre el radio y cúbito, y la presencia de vestigios distales del segundo y quinto metacarpiano con sus respectivas falanges. El coxal se caracteriza por presentar una tuberosidad sacra delgada y puntiaguda, la tuberosidad isquiática rugo...

The aim of this study was to determine some reproductive parameters (gestation rate, number of young, age distribution and reproductive age) of female vicuñas in two management systems: wild and captivity, in the Cusco Region, Peru. The capture of the animals ("Chaccus") were carried out between May and August 2017. The pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasound in 143 females, the presence of offspring by observing functional udder in the females, the age distribution and reproductive age by means of the records of capture and observation of the dentition. The percentage of gestation was of 74.6 and 79.4% for the wild and captivity systems, respectively. In the juvenile population were pregnant 29.9 and 4.4% in the wild and in captivity, respectively. The number of young animals in the wild was 36% and in captivity 53%. The proportion of young vicuñas was similar in both manag...

The concentrations of total proteins, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and 17-β-estradiol in the follicular fluid were determined in non-pregnant Huacaya alpacas in reproductive age according to the development of the ovarian follicle (size). In total, 60 slaughtered alpacas in the local slaughterhouse were used. Samples of small (<4 mm), medium (5-7 mm) and large (>7 mm) follicles were taken (n = 20 by size). The diameter of the follicles was measured with a vernier and the follicular fluid was aspirated. The samples were analysed in the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Puno, Peru) using colorimetric and spectrophotometric techniques. The concentration results for small, medium and large follicles were: total pro...

Two embryo production protocols were evaluated: superovulation and single ovulation, determining the collection rate and quality of the embryos, as well as fertility and natality during the reproductive and non-reproductive season, at 4200 meters above sea level and under field conditions. The collection rate of embryos in simple ovulation was 53% (44/83) embryos versus 242.3% (63/26) in superovulation. The quality of the embryos collected by single ovulation was: grade I (90.3 and 83.6%) and grade II (9.4 and 16.7%) and none of grade III; while in superovulation it was: grade I (76.6 and 87.5%), grade II (14.9 and 12.5%) and grade III (8.5 and 0%) for the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons, respectively. Fertility was similar between single ovulation (56.4%) and superovulation (56.0%). The birth rate was 41.1 and 30.0% for single ovulation and superovulation, respectively. It is ...

Ovarian follicular growth was described in alpaca weaned females maintained on native and cultivated pastures. Fifty-five alpacas of 8 months on average of age were used, divided into two groups, group 1 (cultivated pastures, n = 23) and group 2 (natural pastures, n = 33). Live weight, uterine size and follicular development using ultrasound were recorded every 15 days. At the first evaluation, 43.5% of small follicles were found in group 1 compared to 6.1 of small follicles in females of group 2. Median follicles were present in the two groups at 9 months of age in 9.1 and 30.1% respectively for groups 1 And 2. Large follicles are found in 5.5% of group 1 alpacas at an average age of 11 months and an average weight of 33.9 kg, while in group 2 it was observed that 3.0% of alpacas showed large follicles at an average age of 10.5 months and an average live weight of 28.1 kg. It is evident...

En las ladrilleras del centro poblado de Compañía, aún existe la preparación de unidades de albañilería con partículas de roca. Así, considerando la importancia de este material para la industria de la construcción en la región Ayacucho. La presente investigación evalúa los efectos patológicos que producen las partículas de roca, al ser incorporados en las unidades artesanales de albañilería, principalmente la caliza y cuarzo, identificadas en la cantera de arcilla roja de las ladrilleras de centro poblado de Compañía. Ahora bien, se procede a fabricar un grupo de ladrillos con inclusión de partículas de roca como la caliza y cuarzo en la masa, con tamaño máximo de 2", en una proporción de una partícula de roca por ladrillo y otro grupo sin inclusión de roca, con el fin de evaluar la resistencia a la compresión (f′b) de la unidad artesanal. Se establece que la...

El objetivo del estudio fue describir la cintura pélvica, la pelvimetría y su relación con la biometría en alpacas. Para la descripción ósea se utilizaron cuatro piezas pélvicas de alpaca hembra. Además, se utilizaron a 72 hembras destinadas a faenamiento (subdivididas en tres grupos etarios de 4, 5 y 6 años) para tomar las medidas pelvimétricas internas (diámetro sacro-púbico, diámetro bis-iliaco superior, diámetro bis-iliaco inferior y diámetro bis-iliaco medial) y distancias pélvicas externas (distancia inter iliaca, distancia interisquiática y distancia ílio-isquiática); además, se tomaron tres medidas biométricas (altura a la cruz, largo del cuerpo y diámetro abdominal). La descripción ósea de las pelvis demuestra la presencia del hueso inter-isquiático, y el piso pélvico de forma ligeramente cóncava, lo cual incrementa el área pélvica. La pelvimetría i...

Ovarian follicular growth was described in alpaca weaned females maintained on native and cultivated pastures. Fifty-five alpacas of 8 months on average of age were used, divided into two groups, group 1 (cultivated pastures, n = 23) and group 2 (natural pastures, n = 33). Live weight, uterine size and follicular development using ultrasound were recorded every 15 days. At the first evaluation, 43.5% of small follicles were found in group 1 compared to 6.1 of small follicles in females of group 2. Median follicles were present in the two groups at 9 months of age in 9.1 and 30.1% respectively for groups 1 And 2. Large follicles are found in 5.5% of group 1 alpacas at an average age of 11 months and an average weight of 33.9 kg, while in group 2 it was observed that 3.0% of alpacas showed large follicles at an average age of 10.5 months and an average live weight of 28.1 kg. It is evident...