Two axial skeletons of puma (Puma concolor), one male and one female, that were confiscated in the province of Canchis (Peru) and ceded to the IVITA Research Centre under the Temporary Custody Act No. 01-2015-SERFOR-ATFFS-Cusco were used through the research authorization N° 158-2015-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. The standard method for the dissection of the skeleton was applied and the terms used are in accordance with the Veterinary Anatomical Terminology. The measurements were made with a calliper. At the level of the skull and jaw, the eminences and depressions related to the origin and insertion of muscles stand out, such as the nuchal crest, sagittal crest, the masseteric fossa and the parietal fossa. The vertebral column resembles that described in cats, except for certain particularities that are more prominent, such as the accessory process and the mamillary process. At the level of the tho...

Two axial skeletons of puma (Puma concolor), one male and one female, that were confiscated in the province of Canchis (Peru) and ceded to the IVITA Research Centre under the Temporary Custody Act No. 01-2015-SERFOR-ATFFS-Cusco were used through the research authorization N° 158-2015-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. The standard method for the dissection of the skeleton was applied and the terms used are in accordance with the Veterinary Anatomical Terminology. The measurements were made with a calliper. At the level of the skull and jaw, the eminences and depressions related to the origin and insertion of muscles stand out, such as the nuchal crest, sagittal crest, the masseteric fossa and the parietal fossa. The vertebral column resembles that described in cats, except for certain particularities that are more prominent, such as the accessory process and the mamillary process. At the level of the tho...

Diarrhea in alpaca crias significantly impacts livestock health in high-altitude regions, with Escherichia coli as a common pathogen. This study analyzed 10 E. coli isolates from diarrheic and healthy alpacas using whole-genome sequencing to assess genetic diversity, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance. Predominant sequence types (ST73, ST29), serotypes (O22:H1, O109:H11), and phylogroups (B2, B1, A) were identified. Virulence profiling revealed ExPEC-like and EPEC pathotypes, while resistance genes for β-lactams (blaEC-15), fosfomycin (glpT_E448K), and colistin (pmrB) were prevalent. These findings highlight the need for genomic surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship to manage E. coli infections in alpacas and reduce public health risks.

The appendicular skeleton of the Andean puma (Puma concolor) of two specimens (one male, one female) is described. Both animals were seized in Cusco, Peru by the National Forest and Wildlife Service (SERFOR). The bones were obtained following the standard technique of osteological dissection. The description of the anatomical terms was made according to the Veterinary Anatomical List. The most outstanding characteristics of the appendicular skeleton were described. In general, the eminences of the bones are not so conspicuous and only appear as rough areas. Complete radius and ulna with well-defined articular veneers. At the level of the hands the radial carpi stand out, the metacarpi slightly cylindrical and curved in the palmar surface, the third phalanx of the first finger is quite developed and with the prominent ungueal apophysis characteristic of these species. A well-defined spher...

Se realizó el estudio del esqueleto apendicular del puma andino (Puma concolor) en dos especímenes adultos: un macho y una hembra, decomisados en Cusco, Perú, por el Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR). La obtención de las piezas óseas se realizó siguiendo la técnica estándar de disección osteológica. La descripción de los términos anatómicos se hizo según la Nómina Anatómica Veterinaria. Las características más resaltantes del esqueleto apendicular fueron descritas. En general, las eminencias de los huesos no son tan notorias y solo se presentan como zonas rugosas; el radio y cúbito completos y con carillas articulares bien definidas. A nivel de las manos, en los carpos sobresale el carpo intermedio radial, los metacarpos ligeramente cilíndricos y curvados en la superficie palmar, la tercera falange en caso del primer dedo está bastante desarrol...

El propósito de este estudio es evaluar si la legalización del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo garantizaría sus proyectos de vida. Se empleó un enfoque cualitativo, llevando a cabo una investigación básica, con la aplicación de la teoría fundamentada. Se realizaron entrevistas a 8 abogados especializados en derecho civil, de familia y constitucional, utilizando una guía de entrevista validada por expertos en la materia para recopilar datos. Los hallazgos revelaron que la falta de regulación del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo conlleva a la violación de derechos fundamentales, tales como el libre desarrollo de la personalidad, la igualdad, la no discriminación y el derecho a un proyecto de vida digno. Se destaca que la falta de reconocimiento legal perpetúa desigualdades y discriminaciones que afectan adversamente la calidad de vida y la seguridad jurídica ...

The descriptive study of the appendicular skeleton of the taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis) is presented. The appendicular skeleton of four specimens (2 females and 2 males) were used according to authorization No 158-2015-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. The appendicular skeleton was obtained according to the anatomical technique and the anatomical terms followed the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. The morphological structures of the appendicular skeleton have similarities to domestic ruminants, such as sheep and goats. The taruca presents particularities at the level of the acromion and coracoid process that is hooked at the level of the scapula, a proximal interosseal hole between the radius and ulna, and the presence of distal vestiges of the second and fifth metacarpal with their respective phalanges. The coxal bone is characterized by a thin and pointed sacral tuberosity, the rough and triangular isc...

Se presenta el estudio descriptivo del esqueleto apendicular de la taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis). Se utilizó el esqueleto apendicular de cuatro especímenes (2 hembras y 2 machos), según autorización N.° 158-2015-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. El esqueleto apendicular fue obtenido según la técnica anatómica y los términos anatómicos siguen la Nómina Anatómica Veterinaria. Las estructuras morfológicas del esqueleto apendicular presentan similitudes a los rumiantes domésticos, como el ovino y la cabra. La taruca presenta particularidades a nivel del acromion y apófisis coracoides que es ganchosa a nivel de la escápula, un agujero interóseo proximal entre el radio y cúbito, y la presencia de vestigios distales del segundo y quinto metacarpiano con sus respectivas falanges. El coxal se caracteriza por presentar una tuberosidad sacra delgada y puntiaguda, la tuberosidad isquiática rugo...

Knowledge of embryonic and foetal development is extremely important in order to establish normal development parameters, the health of the foetus, and to identify critical periods in the growth curve. One of these processes is the pattern of ossification. The present study describes the ossification pattern in alpaca embryos and foetuses using radiology and diaphanization techniques. Seventeen pregnant female alpacas were used for the collection of embryos and foetuses of various ages (32, 45, 60, 90, 118, 150, 165, 190, 220 and 280 days). The specimens were weighed, measured and radiographed, and later fixed in 10% buffered formalin to be subjected to the diaphanization process in potassium hydroxide and finally stained with Alizarin Red. The description of the specimens indicates that in embryos of 32 and 45 days there are no mineralized structures; however, it can be seen radiopaque ...

El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar bacterias anaeróbicas aisladas del compartimento 1 del tracto digestivo de las alpacas. Se obtuvieron 4 aislamientos del licor (LC1) y 9 de la pared del compartimento (PC1) de los tractos digestivos. Los aislamientos de LC1 se cultivaron en agar Anaeróbico de Brewer (BA), y los aislamientos de PC1 en BA suplementado con L-cisteína. Los aislamientos anaeróbicos fueron sometidos a identificación mediante observación microscópica y pruebas bioquímicas, seguidas de la extracción de ADN bacteriano total. La amplificación se realizó utilizando cebadores 27F-1492R en el gen 16S ARNr, y se secuenció utilizando el método Sanger con un analizador de ADN ABI PRISM 3730XL. El análisis bioinformático reveló que las cepas correspondientes a la especie de LC1 eran cuatro Streptococcus equinus y de PC1 eran nueve Streptococcus vicugnae. En el an�...

Alpacas, important genetic resources in the Andean region of Peru, are vulnerable to diarrhea caused by pathogenic parasites such as Eimeria lamae and Giardia sp., which can be fatal, especially in neonates, due to their physiological immaturity and limited adaptability. The study investigated the diversity and abundance of intestinal fungi and protists in alpacas infected with Eimeria lamae and Giardia sp. compared to healthy alpacas. A total of 19 alpacas, aged between one and two months, were included. They were divided into two groups, one with pathological conditions (nine) and the other healthy (ten). Parasitological analyses for the detection of parasites and subsequent molecular analysis were performed on the collected fecal samples. The results revealed a greater diversity and abundance of protists in infected alpacas in comparison with healthy alpacas, while the fungal composit...