Phospholipase A activity was evaluated into six snake venoms. Spectrophotometrical method adapted for our lab conditions previously and delay lipoprotein coagulation macroscopical method were compared. In both cases, the phospholipase activity was registrated in the venom of Micrurus spixii, Crotalus durissus, Bothrops brazili Lachesis muta and Bothrops atrox in the same decrease order. However the enzymatic activity orily was detected in the venom of Mícrurus surinamensis with the spectrophotometrical method. In addition the results related to amounth venom with each technique achieved the major sensitive of spectrophotometrical method than macroscopical technique because of 2 to 10 minor folds are required.

Phospholipase A activity was evaluated into six snake venoms. Spectrophotometrical method adapted for our lab conditions previously and delay lipoprotein coagulation macroscopical method were compared. In both cases, the phospholipase activity was registrated in the venom of Micrurus spixii, Crotalus durissus, Bothrops brazili Lachesis muta and Bothrops atrox in the same decrease order. However the enzymatic activity orily was detected in the venom of Mícrurus surinamensis with the spectrophotometrical method. In addition the results related to amounth venom with each technique achieved the major sensitive of spectrophotometrical method than macroscopical technique because of 2 to 10 minor folds are required.

A hemorrhagin with metalloprotease activity was purified from the venom of Bothrops pictussnake using Sephadex G-75 molecular gel filtration and DEAE A-50 ionic exchange column.Thus a homogeneus protein entity was obtained with 62 kDa under non reducting conditions.Hemorrhagin is a acid protein, attack both casein and collagen being 0,226 μg as a DHM.Chelating agent such as EDTA as well as 2 ß-mercaptoetanol and DTT produced stronginhibition both caseinolitic and hemorrhagic activities. Optimus pH was 7,5 and heatingtreatment reduced both activities, At 55 °C recovered activity on casein was 30,4%. On theother hand hemorrhagin is an antigenic entity showed on double immunodiffusion test andwas neutralizated fulling with 0,5, 1 and 2 doses of antivenom.

The venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus from the region of Sandia, Puno, has been investigated for its protein content and some enzymatic activities, using for it the whole venom as well as the fractions obtained by gel filtration chromatography in Sephadex G-100. The protein percentage calculated by the method of Lowry was of 68,6% for the whole venom; 3 peaks were obtained during the fractionation; the first showed proteolytic activity, the second, amidolytic, clotting and phospholipase A2 activities, while the third, another proteolytic activity. Acetylcholinesterase activity was not found while L-aminoacid oxidase activity was found only in the whole venom.

Se ha investigado el contenido proteico y algunas actividades enzimáticas del veneno de la serpiente cascabel Crotalus durissus terrificus procedente de la región de Sandia, Puno; para ello se empleó el veneno total así como las fracciones obtenidas mediante cromatografía de filtración en Sephadex G-100. El porcentaje de proteína calculado por el método de Lowry fue de 68,6% para el veneno total; habiéndose obtenido 3 picos de proteína durante el fraccionamiento; en el primero se registró actividad proteolítica, en el segundo, las actividades amidolítica, coagulante y fosfolipasa A2, mientras que en el tercero se detectó otra fracción proteolítica. No se registró la actividad acetilcolinesterasa mientras que la actividad L-aminoácido oxidasa sólo se encontró en el veneno total.

Two proteases from the glandular venom of Loxosceles laeta spider were isolated using a column of Sephadex G-100 gel molecular filtration equilibrated with 0,05M ammonium acetate buffer pH 5,0. One of them is a metalloprotease inhibited by 5 mM EDTA (60,5%) and the other is a serinoprotease inhibited by 5 mM PMSF (93,3%). The metalloproteinase had activity on casein and dimethylcasein while the serinoprotease had activity on citrated human plasma. They showed different molecular weights by PAGE-SDS: 35 kDa and 15,9 kDa. In addition both were antigenic against commercial loxoscelic antivenom by immunodifusion assays.

n this work, the thrombin-like enzyme (TLE) from Bothrops atrox has been identified by mass spectrometry and its enzymatic activity evaluated upon several synthetic substrates. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using three chromatography steps on Sephadex G-75, CM-Sephadex C-50 and Agarose-PAB. Also, molecular weight by PAGE-SDS was determined. For molecular identification of this enzyme, mass spectrometry-based peptide mass fingerprinting was used and later in silico analysis. Enzymatic activities were determined using bovine fibrinogen, BApNA and also upon specific chromogenic substrates such as S-2238, S-2251 y S-2266. As a result of these biochemical and structural procedures, we obtained a TLE from B. atrox venom with a molecular weight of 29,6 kDa. Mass spectrometry analysis of obtained peptides, allow us to identify this enzyme as a venombin A, showing a 75% sequence homology...

En el presente trabajo se ha realizado la identificación molecular de la enzima similar a trombina (EST) del veneno de Bothrops atrox y se ha evaluado su actividad enzimática sobre diversos sustratos sintéticos. La enzima fue purificada utilizando tres pasos cromatrográficos, sobre Sephadex G-75, CM-Sephadex C-50 y Agarosa-PAB, determinándose su peso molecular por PAGE-SDS. La identificación molecular de la enzima aislada se realizó por la técnica de peptide mass fingerprinting basada en espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF y posterior análisis in silico. Las actividades fibrinocoagulante y amidolítica fueron ensayadas sobre fibrinó- geno bovino y BApNA, respectivamente, así como la hidrólisis sobre los sustratos cromogénicos específicos S-2238, S-2251 y S-2266. Como resultado de los ensayos bioquímicos y estructurales, la EST del veneno de B. atrox, presentó un peso molec...

In the present study, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766), is isolated, purified and characterized biochemically and biologically. Purification was performed by liquid chromatography (LC) using CM-Sephadex C-50 and Sephadex G-50, homogenized enzyme had a molecular weight of 18749 Da. Trials with egg yolk phospholipids, and commercial lecithin showed that EDTA, PMSF, glutathione and cysteine inhibited the activity with values greater than 50%. The PLA2 had a significant anticoagulant effect, showing a delay of 2'30" on the coagulation time with 9.6 µg of the enzyme. The indirect impact on human erythrocyte hemolysis gave an equivalent of 4.35 µg as HD50. Mean edematic dose and minimum myotoxic dose were 91.5 mg and 125.89 mg / mL respectively, these values were below enzymes phospholipase A2 from others poisons. There was no hemorrhagic activity. Immunodiffusion ...

Objetivo: Realizar una evaluación inmunogénica de la EST del veneno de B. atrox y determinar su grado de reactividad contra los venenos de las principales serpientes venenosas del país. Materiales y métodos: Se inmunizaron conejos albinos (2.5 Kg) con 150 μg de la enzima purificada basándose en protocolos estandarizados en nuestro laboratorio. Una vez obtenido el suero hiperinmune anti-EST, se analizaron los patrones de reactividad entre el suero experimental y la enzima purificada, así como contra los venenos totales de Bothrops atrox, Bothrops brazili, Lachesis muta y Crotalus durissus, empleando la técnica de ELISA. Resultados: Se obtuvo, al final del protocolo de inmunización, un suero anti-EST con un título de 64000. Por otro lado, los anticuerpos producidos reaccionaron de forma cruzada con los venenos completos de B. atrox (9.9%) y B. brazili (9.6%), y menor intensidad c...

El presente trabajo informa de la purificación y caracterización bioquímica y biológica de la fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2) de Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766). La purificación se realizó por cromatografía liquida (CL) usando CM-Sephadex C-50 y Sephadex G-50, obteniéndola al estado homogéneo con un peso molecular de 18749 Da. Los ensayos con PLA2 realizados sobre fosfolípidos de yema de huevo y lecitina comercial, mostraron que los agentes EDTA, PMSF, glutatión y cisteína, inhibieron la actividad con valores mayores al 50%. La PLA2 de L. muta produjo un notable efecto anticoagulante, observándose un retardo de 2'30" en el tiempo de coagulación con 9,6 µg de la enzima. La hemólisis indirecta sobre eritrocitos humanos dio un equivalente de 4,35 µg como dosis hemolítica media (HD50). Los valores de dosis edemática media y dosis miotóxica mínima fueron de 91,5 µg y 125,89 µg/mL ...

Objetivo: Realizar una evaluación inmunogénica de la EST del veneno de B. atrox y determinar su grado de reactividad contra los venenos de las principales serpientes venenosas del país. Materiales y métodos: Se inmunizaron conejos albinos (2.5 Kg) con 150 μg de la enzima purificada basándose en protocolos estandarizados en nuestro laboratorio. Una vez obtenido el suero hiperinmune anti-EST, se analizaron los patrones de reactividad entre el suero experimental y la enzima purificada, así como contra los venenos totales de Bothrops atrox, Bothrops brazili, Lachesis muta y Crotalus durissus, empleando la técnica de ELISA. Resultados: Se obtuvo, al final del protocolo de inmunización, un suero anti-EST con un título de 64000. Por otro lado, los anticuerpos producidos reaccionaron de forma cruzada con los venenos completos de B. atrox (9.9%) y B. brazili (9.6%), y menor intensidad c...

The hyaluronidase from Bothrops atrox venom was purified and characterized. The effect of monovalent and divalent ions on their catalytic activity was studied, showing that the magnesium ion (150 mM) increases de activity in 40%, while glycine inhibits it by 44 %. The enzyme lacks toxic activity, when administered in albino mice in toxicity tests, but increases the hemorrhagic action of the total venom on the skin of these animals. The polyvalent botropic antivenom, was able to recognize components of the total venom of B. atrox, as well as the purified enzyme, in immunodiffusion assays. The cDNA coding for hyaluronidase from the venom of B. atrox was obtained from mRNA extracted of the fresh venom, and sequenced. The analysis of the cDNA, of 2020 bp, shows that it contains an ORF of 1350 bp that codes for a pre-enzyme of 449 amino acids, which probably is processing resulting in a matur...

A coagulant enzyme from Bothrops brazili snake venom called thrombin-like enzyme was purified by three successive chromatographic steps on Sephadex G-75, DEAE Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-50 using 0.05M Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.5. The enzyme was purified 15.9 times with a yield of 28.6% and by PAGE-SDS a single protein band of 48 kDa was obtained both in reducing and non-reducing conditions using 2β-Mercaptoethano., It is a unicatenaryprotein with coagulant activity on both citrated human plasma and bovine fibrinogen. The enzyme showed amidolytic activity on the chromogenic substrate Benzoyl-Arginyl-pNitroaniline (BApNA) and the coagulant potency on bovine fibrinogen was calculated on 121 NIH units of thrombin / mg. The enzyme was inhibited by PMSF and the soybean trypsin inhibitor, therefore, it is a serine protease; the optimum pH for the amidolytic activity was 8.5 and the protein was st...

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2 ) from snake venom are enzymes with highly variety of biological effects, due to their different isoforms and some may be myotoxins. This research aimed was to purify, characterize and evaluate the myotoxic activity of an isoform of acid PLA2 (BaPer-PLA2a). For purification, in DEAE Sephadex-A50, Sephadex-G75 and an automated medium pressure system-NGC were used. BaPer-PLA2a had a specific activity of 34.1 U/ mg and a MW of ~ 14.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE, non-reducing conditions. From venom were obtained total RNA, to synthesis of cDNA and an amplified of ~ 480 bp. A mature protein of 124 amino acids was deduced from the cDNA sequence with a pI (4.41), being an acidic isoform, likewise presented primary structure with conserved regions and residues His48, Asp49 and Tyr52 identified in the catalytic center. Additionally, the structural theoretical model has an identity gre...

A thrombin-like enzyme, pictobin, was purified from Bothrops pictus snake venom. It is a 41-kDa monomeric glycoprotein as showed by mass spectrometry and contains approx. 45% carbohydrate by mass which could be removed with N-glycosidase. Pictobin coagulates plasma and fibrinogen, releasing fibrinopeptide A and induces the formation of a friableiporous fibrin network as visualized by SEM. The enzyme promoted platelet aggregation in human PRP and defibrination in mouse model and showed catalytic activity on chromogenic substrates S-2266, S-2366, S-2160 and S-2238. Pictobin interacts with the plasma inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin, which blocks its interaction with fibrinogen but not with the small substrate BApNA. Heparin does not affect its enzymatic activity. Pictobin cross reacted with polyvalent bothropic antivenom, and its deglycosylated form reduced its catalytic action and antiveno...