A flock of 82 llamas with their calves was used to evaluate the hip area and thigh volume of the young and the size of the mammary gland of the dam as possible indicators for early selection of llamas for meat production. In the young, the development of hips and thighs at 2, 8, and 15 months of age and the correlation of these measurements with body weight and chest circumference were evaluated, whereas in the dams, the relation between size of the mammary gland and body weight at weaning of the calf was evaluated. Size of hip was calculated as a geometric figure using the Autocad software, and the size of the thigh was expressed as the volume of a truncated cone. The increase of body weight (65.3%), hip area (51.5%), thigh volume (53.2%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the increase in chest circumference (32.9%). Animals were distributed into two groups according to hip area...

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different copper sources on broilerperformance, intestinal morphology and liver copper contents. Two hundred one-dayold Cobb 500 male chicks were randomly distributed into five groups, using 4 replicates and 10 birds per replicate. The treatments were: T1, basal diet containing antibiotic(positive control); T2, basal diet without antibiotic (negative control); T3, as T2 + 250ppm Cu from copper sulphate; T4, as T2 + 250 ppm Cu from copper oxychloride; T5, T2 +250 ppm Cu from tribasic copper chloride. No significant differences were found betweentreatments on final body weight, daily body weight gain, cost/benefit ratio and carcassyield. The lowest feed intake and the best feed efficiency were observed in T2 as comparedto T1 and T2 (p<0.05). The highest copper content in liver occurred in T5 (p<0.05).Copper supplements affected villus height...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of five levels of tara gum on productive performance, bone mineralization, glucose and cholesterol levels, and intestinal morphometry in broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 200 male BB cobs of the Cobb500 line were used, distributed in five treatments with four repetitions and 10 animals per repetition: T1, basal diet without tara gum (control); T2, T3, T4 and T5, basal diet with tara gum (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% respectively). All diets contained 3072 kcal ME/kg and 20.5% crude protein. The feed meal and water were offered ad libitum. The data were analyzed under a completely randomized design using the ANOVA procedure and the Duncan test for comparison of means. The results showed that body weight and body-weight gain were better in T3 than in T4 and T5 (p<0.05), both in the second and in the third week of age. Also, tar...

Se utilizó un rebaño de 82 llamas con sus respectivas crías para evaluar el área de la grupa y el volumen del muslo de la cría, y el tamaño de la glándula mamaria de las madres como posibles indicadores para la selección temprana de llamas para producción de carne. En las crías se evaluó el desarrollo del área de la grupa y el volumen del muslo a los 2, 8 y 15 meses de edad, así como la correlación de estas medidas con el peso corporal y el perímetro torácico. En las madres se evaluó la relación entre el tamaño de la ubre y el peso de la cría al destete. El tamaño de la grupa se calculó como una figura geométrica y su área se determinó con el software Autocad, y el tamaño del muslo se expresó como el volumen de un cono truncado. El incremento porcentual desde los 2 hasta los 15 meses de edad fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) en el peso corporal (65.3%), ...

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different copper sources on broilerperformance, intestinal morphology and liver copper contents. Two hundred one-dayold Cobb 500 male chicks were randomly distributed into five groups, using 4 replicates and 10 birds per replicate. The treatments were: T1, basal diet containing antibiotic(positive control); T2, basal diet without antibiotic (negative control); T3, as T2 + 250ppm Cu from copper sulphate; T4, as T2 + 250 ppm Cu from copper oxychloride; T5, T2 +250 ppm Cu from tribasic copper chloride. No significant differences were found betweentreatments on final body weight, daily body weight gain, cost/benefit ratio and carcassyield. The lowest feed intake and the best feed efficiency were observed in T2 as comparedto T1 and T2 (p<0.05). The highest copper content in liver occurred in T5 (p<0.05).Copper supplements affected villus height...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of five levels of tara gum on productive performance, bone mineralization, glucose and cholesterol levels, and intestinal morphometry in broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 200 male BB cobs of the Cobb500 line were used, distributed in five treatments with four repetitions and 10 animals per repetition: T1, basal diet without tara gum (control); T2, T3, T4 and T5, basal diet with tara gum (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% respectively). All diets contained 3072 kcal ME/kg and 20.5% crude protein. The feed meal and water were offered ad libitum. The data were analyzed under a completely randomized design using the ANOVA procedure and the Duncan test for comparison of means. The results showed that body weight and body-weight gain were better in T3 than in T4 and T5 (p<0.05), both in the second and in the third week of age. Also, tar...

Intradural-intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion (IIVDE) is a subtype of herniation of the hydrated nucleus pulposus and occurs after extreme exercise or traumatic events. IIVDE is a rare condition, and its diagnosis can be complex since its clinical characteristics and images are poorly characterized. The case of a six-month-old Schnauzer who suffered a fall from a height of two stories is reported. The patient developed spastic tetraplegia and was diagnosed as a fourth-degree acute cervical spinal cord injury. The radiographic and computed tomography studies only reported a simple fracture in the vertebral body of C3. The magnetic resonance study reported intramedullary linear tracts, parenchymal lesions and reduced disc volume in C3-C4. The clinical condition and its evolution, as well as the imaging findings were compatible with IIVDE.

An 8-month-old male American Bully dog was brought to the clinic for an abnormal structure in the ventral region on the left side of the jaw. On palpation, enlargement of the left mandibular ramus was identified, with pain when opening the mouth. In blood biochemistry, alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphorus increased considerably. X-rays identified a marked proliferation of the periosteum with soft tissue invasion in the mandible. Computed tomography ruled out temporomandibular disorders. Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was administered orally, allowing the patient to eat without discomfort two weeks after the start of treatment. The clinical, imaging and histopathology evidence was compatible with a case of craniomandibular osteopathy in a non-predisposed breed.

El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto de la suplementación de harina de yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) y de aceite de copaiba en el comportamiento productivo y morfometría intestinal en pollos de 1 a 21 días de edad y desafiados con coccidias (Eimeria) a los 14 días de edad. Se emplearon 120 pollos BB machos de la Línea Cobb 500, distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos con tres repeticiones y 10 animales por repetición: T1, dieta basal (sin coccidiostato); T2 dieta basal + coccidiostato; T3 dieta basal + harina de yacón (0.25%) y T4, dieta basal + aceite de copaiba (0.15 ml/kg). Al final del ensayo se sacrificaron 6 aves por tratamiento y se tomaron muestras de intestino delgado para medir la altura de vellosidad, profundidad de cripta, número de células caliciformes y relación altura de vellosidad/profundidad de cripta. Asimismo, se hizo el recuento de ooquistes/g de h...

El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar la suplementación de la enzima fitasa y la vitamina 25-hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OHD3) en dietas para pollos de carne a través de su respuesta productiva y características de la tibia. Se utilizaron 200 pollos machos de la Línea Cobb 500, distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos con cinco repeticiones y 10 animales por repetición: T1, control; T2, iso-nutritivo como T1, considerando la matriz de la fitasa (0.178% Ca y 0.15% Pd – fósforo disponible); T3, iso-nutritivo como T1, considerando la matriz de la 25-OHD3 (0.1% Ca y 0.05% Pd) y T4, iso-nutritivo como T1, considerando las matrices de la fitasa y 25-OHD3. El peso de los pollos y el consumo de alimento fueron registrados los días 7, 14 y 21. El día 21 se midió la longitud y peso de la tibia de 12 pollos por tratamiento. Las tibias izquierdas fueron procesadas para determinar el contenido de ...

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four sources of commercial phytases on the performance and bone integrity of broilers from 1 to 28 days of age. Three hundred 1-day old Cobb 500 male chickens were distributed in 30 pens (10 birds per pen) and fed with the experimental diets for 28 days. The treatments were: T1, diet with adequate phosphorus (PAD); T2, phosphorus deficient diet (PDD); T3, PDD + phytase A (100 g/t); T4, PDD + phytase B (100 g/t); T5, PDD + phytase C (50 g/t) and T6, PDD + phytase D (50 g/t). Feeds and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, and mortality were recorded weekly. At 28 days of age, 20 chicks per treatment were slaughtered to determine carcass and leg yield and tibia weight, plus bone moisture and ash content in the tibia. The results showed that the productive performance of broiler...

El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto de la suplementación de harina de yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) y de aceite de copaiba en el comportamiento productivo y morfometría intestinal en pollos de 1 a 21 días de edad y desafiados con coccidias (Eimeria) a los 14 días de edad. Se emplearon 120 pollos BB machos de la Línea Cobb 500, distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos con tres repeticiones y 10 animales por repetición: T1, dieta basal (sin coccidiostato); T2 dieta basal + coccidiostato; T3 dieta basal + harina de yacón (0.25%) y T4, dieta basal + aceite de copaiba (0.15 ml/kg). Al final del ensayo se sacrificaron 6 aves por tratamiento y se tomaron muestras de intestino delgado para medir la altura de vellosidad, profundidad de cripta, número de células caliciformes y relación altura de vellosidad/profundidad de cripta. Asimismo, se hizo el recuento de ooquistes/g de h...

El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar la suplementación de la enzima fitasa y la vitamina 25-hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OHD3) en dietas para pollos de carne a través de su respuesta productiva y características de la tibia. Se utilizaron 200 pollos machos de la Línea Cobb 500, distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos con cinco repeticiones y 10 animales por repetición: T1, control; T2, iso-nutritivo como T1, considerando la matriz de la fitasa (0.178% Ca y 0.15% Pd – fósforo disponible); T3, iso-nutritivo como T1, considerando la matriz de la 25-OHD3 (0.1% Ca y 0.05% Pd) y T4, iso-nutritivo como T1, considerando las matrices de la fitasa y 25-OHD3. El peso de los pollos y el consumo de alimento fueron registrados los días 7, 14 y 21. El día 21 se midió la longitud y peso de la tibia de 12 pollos por tratamiento. Las tibias izquierdas fueron procesadas para determinar el contenido de ...

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four sources of commercial phytases on the performance and bone integrity of broilers from 1 to 28 days of age. Three hundred 1-day old Cobb 500 male chickens were distributed in 30 pens (10 birds per pen) and fed with the experimental diets for 28 days. The treatments were: T1, diet with adequate phosphorus (PAD); T2, phosphorus deficient diet (PDD); T3, PDD + phytase A (100 g/t); T4, PDD + phytase B (100 g/t); T5, PDD + phytase C (50 g/t) and T6, PDD + phytase D (50 g/t). Feeds and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, and mortality were recorded weekly. At 28 days of age, 20 chicks per treatment were slaughtered to determine carcass and leg yield and tibia weight, plus bone moisture and ash content in the tibia. The results showed that the productive performance of broiler...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide (CD), eucalyptus leaf extract - grapefruit seed (ELE-GS), seed extract - grapefruit pulp (SE-GP) on reducing the load of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, E. coli, and total coliforms in guinea pig carcasses (Cavia porcellus). It was used a completely randomized factorial design with seven treatments: T1 = Control, T2 = CD 20 ppm, T3 = CD 30 ppm, T4 = ELE-GS 3000 ppm, T5 = ELE-GS 5000 ppm, T6 = SE-GP 400 ppm and T7 = SE-GP 800 ppm, where each treatment had five replicates (carcasses), except T1 (n=6). All treatments were effective in reducing the load of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in relation to the control group (T1). In the case ofE. coli, T5 was more efficient than T1 (p<0.05), and in total coliforms, T3, T5, T6, and T7 were more efficient that T1 (p<0.05). It is concluded that the use of CD 30 ppm and ELE-GS...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres sistemas de alimentación sobre la respuesta productiva y el perfil de ácidos grasos en la carcasa de cuyes. Se emplearon 18 cuyes machos de 21 días de edad distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos y alojados en jaulas galvanizadas. Los tratamientos fueron: T1, alfalfa verde; T2, alimentación mixta [alimento balanceado + alfalfa verde (10% del PV)]; y T3, alimentación integral (solo alimento balanceado). Se determinó la ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia semanal. Los animales fueron sacrificados en el día 28 para evaluar el rendimiento de carcasa. Asimismo, se extrajo la grasa total para determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gases. Las variables de la respuesta productiva y el perfil de ácidos grasos de la carcasa de los animales experimentales fueron significa...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the ratio calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (AP) on the bone morphometry and mineralization, and skeletal integrity of broilers. Sixty one day-old Cobb 500 chicks were distributed in 12 experimental units and assigned, for 21 days, to one of the following treatments: T1, low Ca:Pd (1.13); T2, medium Ca:Pd (1.55); T3, adequate Ca:Pd (1.98). All diets contained 3072 Kcal ME/kg and 20.50% crude protein. Feeds, in meal form, and water were offered ad libitum. At day 21 of age all animals were slaughtered to extract the femur, tibia and metatarsus. Variables that included bone morphometry (weight, length, width, volume and density), skeletal integrity (ability to walk and lesions in the femoral head) were measured and the content of ash in the tibia was determined. The data was analyzed under a Complete Randomized Design using the ANOVA...

El estudio fue realizado con la finalidad de evaluar la efectividad del dióxido de cloro (DC), extracto de hojas de eucalipto - semilla de toronja (EHE-ST) y extracto de semilla pulpa de toronja (ES-PT) en distintas concentraciones (ppm) sobre la reducción de recuentos promedios de bacterias aerobias mesófilas, E. coli y coliformes totales en carcasas de cuyes (Cavia porcellus). Se utilizó un diseño factorial completamente al azar con siete tratamientos: T1 = Control, T2 = DC 20 ppm, T3 = DC 30 ppm, T4 = EHE-ST 3000 ppm, T5 = EHE-ST 5000 ppm, T6 = ES-PT 400 ppm y T7 = ES-PT 800 ppm, con 5 repeticiones (carcasas) cada uno, excepto en T1 (n=6). Todos los tratamientos fueron eficaces en reducir los recuentos de bacterias aerobias mesófilas en las carcasas con respecto al control (T1) (p<0.05). En la reducción de E. coli, T5 fue más eficaz con respecto a T1 (p<0.05), y en la re...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres sistemas de alimentación sobre la respuesta productiva y el perfil de ácidos grasos en la carcasa de cuyes. Se emplearon 18 cuyes machos de 21 días de edad distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos y alojados en jaulas galvanizadas. Los tratamientos fueron: T1, alfalfa verde; T2, alimentación mixta [alimento balanceado + alfalfa verde (10% del PV)]; y T3, alimentación integral (solo alimento balanceado). Se determinó la ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia semanal. Los animales fueron sacrificados en el día 28 para evaluar el rendimiento de carcasa. Asimismo, se extrajo la grasa total para determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gases. Las variables de la respuesta productiva y el perfil de ácidos grasos de la carcasa de los animales experimentales fueron significa...

El objetivo del presente ensayo fue determinar el efecto de la relación calcio (Ca) y fósforo disponible (Pd) sobre la morfometría y mineralización ósea e integridad esquelética de pollos de carne. Se utilizaron 60 pollos de la línea Cobb 500 de un día de edad distribuidos en 12 unidades experimentales y asignados, durante 21 días, a uno de los siguientes tratamientos: T1, Ca:Pd baja (1.13); T2, Ca:Pd media (1.55); T3, Ca:Pd adecuada (1.98). Todas las dietas contenían 3072 Kcal de EM/kg y 20.50 % de proteína cruda. El alimento, en forma de harina, y el agua fue ofrecido ad libitum. En el día 21 de edad se sacrificaron todos los animales para extraer fémures, tibias y metatarsos. Se evaluaron variables que incluyeron morfometría ósea (peso, longitud, ancho, volumen y densidad), integridad esquelética (capacidad para caminar y lesiones en la cabeza femoral) y se determinó ...