The cycle consists of a road four phases: A) The construction which may be solid or with some flaws, upon completion of entering service. B) The slow and impairment visible, the road is experiencing wear, mainly on the paved surface and lesser degree, the rest of their structure. This occurs because of the large number of vehicles heavy and light circulating in it and shares weather and other factors,at this stage road maintenance is nil. C) Accelerated deterioration and breakdown, at the beginning of this phase, the structure basic road still intact. As this phase progresses, begins to deteriorate the basic structure, which is not visible. These damages start being punctual, and then leave finally affect spreading until most of the way, a period between two and five years. At the start of this phase should begin conserving road whose cost is 10% of the original construction. D) Total de...

En el segundo Semestre del año 2016, la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, en cumplimiento de la Ley Universitaria Nº 30220, y por primera vez en su historia, fueron elegidas democráticamente y por voto universal las principales autoridades de nuestra casa de estudios.En nuestra Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas, hubo la necesidad de ir a una segunda vuelta para la elección del Decano, siendo ganador el magíster Robert Miranda Castillo, donde la participación de los docentes y, en especial, los estudiantes tuvo un papel protagónico en la elección de sus autoridades, iniciando una nueva etapa de la vida universitaria.Es política de la presente gestión, impulsar la diversificación de investigación científica y/o elaboración de artículos científicos, que permitan a los gerentes tomar decisiones oportunas en el mundo de los negocios.Las organizaciones se desarrollan...

In the Metropolitan City of Lima and Callao, 25% (4.2 Million) of the 16 million daily trips are made through the walk mode, of this total, 49.2% have been private, 35.3% to the school and 11.9% to work; Of the total private by the way walker 52% has been to make purchases and to a lesser percentage the activities of entertainment and to go out to eat (restaurants). The ones that make use are young people (students), housewives and population of smaller economic resource. Concentrate on the places where the majority of people live in poverty, that is to say, in the outskirts of the metropolis, districts of Comas, Ate Vitarte, San Juàn de Lurigancho and others. In spite of its great importance in this way, it has become the most dangerous; Of every 100 people killed by traffic accidents 78 were pedestrians. There are other factors that condition pedestrian action such as: Insufficient pe...

Lima Metropolitan (2014), has approximately 862 thousand microenterprises, of which 172 thousand are in the districts of the North Cone; of this total, a sample of 562 microenterprises has been taken, of which 283 are dedicated to the trade activity; 194 come running between 1 to 3 years; they work from 1 to 10 people in 523 micro-businesses; in 430 micro-enterprises the person in charge of finances is the owner; 52% have the financial status; 59.5% declare that they use it to declare taxes. They have financial statements, use as a financial tool in management, 99.1% Balance, 98.9% the income statement, 92.1% cash flow, and 96.9% budget. As for whether you use accounting or financial software, 22.8% state that they do use it; 53.6% claim to be subject to credit and 62.2% declare the need for financing as working capital.

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Lima East to 2014 has 172 481, micro businesses (Cieneguilla 1 503, Chaclacayo 3 250, San Luis 9 144, Lurigancho 10 793, El Agustino 11 281, La Molina 16 500, Santa Anita 18 973, Ate 41 874 and San Juan de Lurigancho 59 163), which represents 20% of the total; it concentrates 29.9% of the total population of Metropolitan Lima. According to the INEI (2015) one of the main factors that limit the growth of companies is the lack of accessibility to the financing of financial products offered by financial institutions. By the way, the results of the survey conducted in the districts that make up the East Lima in November (2017), show us the following results: 77.7% of the Micro Enterprises of Lima Este are located in the districts of San Juan de Lurigancho, Ate, La Molina and Agustino; 83.9% are dedicated to the activity of Commerce and Services, 71.2% are subject to loans, 71.8% know their i...

En el segundo Semestre del año 2016, la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, en cumplimiento de la Ley Universitaria Nº 30220, y por primera vez en su historia, fueron elegidas democráticamente y por voto universal las principales autoridades de nuestra casa de estudios.En nuestra Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas, hubo la necesidad de ir a una segunda vuelta para la elección del Decano, siendo ganador el magíster Robert Miranda Castillo, donde la participación de los docentes y, en especial, los estudiantes tuvo un papel protagónico en la elección de sus autoridades, iniciando una nueva etapa de la vida universitaria.Es política de la presente gestión, impulsar la diversificación de investigación científica y/o elaboración de artículos científicos, que permitan a los gerentes tomar decisiones oportunas en el mundo de los negocios.Las organizaciones se desarrollan...

En Lima y Callao, el 25% (4.2 millones) de los 16 millones de viajes diarios se realizan mediante la modalidad de caminata. De este total, el 49.2% ha sido privado, 35.3% al colegio y 11.9% al trabajo; del total privado por el modo caminante, el 52% ha sido para realizar compras y en menor porcentaje las actividades de entretenimiento y salir a comer (restaurantes). Estas son personas jóvenes (estudiantes), amas de casa y población de menor recurso económico. Se concentran en los lugares donde residen mayoritariamente las personas en pobreza, es decir, en las periferias de la metrópoli: distritos de Comas, Ate Vitarte, San Juan de Lurigancho y otros. Pese a su gran importancia, de este modo, se ha convertido en lo más peligroso; de cada 100 personas muertas por accidentes de tránsito, 78 fueron peatones. Existen otros factores que condicionan a la acción del peatón, tales como: S...

Lima Metropolitana (2014), cuenta con aproximadamente con 862,000 microempresas, de las cuales 172 mil se encuentra en los distritos del Cono Norte; de este total se ha tomado una muestra de 562 microempresas, de las cuales 283 se dedican a la actividad de comercio; 194 vienen funcionando entre 1 a 3 años; trabajan de 1 a 10 personas en 523 microempresas; en 430 microempresas el responsable de las finanzas es el dueño; 52% cuentan con el estado financiero; el 59.5% declaran de que lo usan para declarar los impuestos. Los cuentan con estados financieros, usan como herramienta financiera en la gestión, el 99.1% Balance General, 98.9% el Estado de resultados, 92.1 % el flujo de caja, y 96.9% el presupuesto. En cuanto si usa un Software contable o financiero el 22.8% manifiestan de que sí usan; el 53.6% manifiestan ser sujetos a crédito y el 62.2% manifiestan la necesidad de financiamie...

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Lima East to 2014 has 172 481, micro businesses (Cieneguilla 1 503, Chaclacayo 3 250, San Luis 9 144, Lurigancho 10 793, El Agustino 11 281, La Molina 16 500, Santa Anita 18 973, Ate 41 874 and San Juan de Lurigancho 59 163), which represents 20% of the total; it concentrates 29.9% of the total population of Metropolitan Lima. According to the INEI (2015) one of the main factors that limit the growth of companies is the lack of accessibility to the financing of financial products offered by financial institutions. By the way, the results of the survey conducted in the districts that make up the East Lima in November (2017), show us the following results: 77.7% of the Micro Enterprises of Lima Este are located in the districts of San Juan de Lurigancho, Ate, La Molina and Agustino; 83.9% are dedicated to the activity of Commerce and Services, 71.2% are subject to loans, 71.8% know their i...

El ciclo de una carretera está conformado por 4 fases: A) El de la construcción que puede ser sólida o con algunos defectos, una vez concluidas entran en servicio. B) El de deterioro lento y poco visible; el camino va experimentando un desgaste, principalmente en la superficie pavimentada y en menor grado, en el resto de su estructura. Esto se produce por la gran cantidad de vehículos pesados y livianos que circulan en él y por acciones propias del clima y otros factores, en esta fase la conservación vial es nula. C) Deterioro acelerado y quiebre; al inicio de esta fase, la estructura básica del camino aún sigue intacta. A medida que va avanzando esta fase, comienza a deteriorarse la estructura básica, que no es visible. Estos daños comienzan siendo puntuales, y luego se van extendiéndose hasta que finalmente afectan la mayor parte del camino, periodo entre dos y cinco años. ...

Objective: Establish the association of the weighted average cost of capital with the return on assets, of the alternative cost of capital with the return on equity, and of the average cost of debt with the return on sales in banks operating in Peru. Method: The investigation had a quantitative approach, was non-experimental transversal, and correlational.  The population consisted of 18 banks, and it was not necessary to calculate the sample. The data was collected through the documentary analysis of the annual financial statements from 2010 to 2018 of each bank; the hypotheses were tested using the correlation index. Results: The weighted average cost of capital, equity capital, and debt capital were determined; as well as the index of return on assets, on net worth, on sales, and on the added economic value. Conclusion: There is an inverse correlation between the weighted average cos...

The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with the intention to consume native foods in students of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, during the 2019-II semester, in the city of Lima. The survey technique was used and the questionnaire was used as a collection instrument. 177 valid surveys were collected through a probability cluster sampling. Two statistical tests were applied: Pearson’s Chi Square Test and Spearman’s Correlation Test. In both tests, a statistically significant association was found between the variable intention to consume native foods and the variables: attitude, subjective norm and perceived control over the consumption of the aforementioned foods. It is concluded that the intention to consume native foods at the La Molina National Agrarian University is related to the attitude, the subjective norm and the perceived control over...

En este trabajo de investigación, tuvimos como propósito determinar cuáles son las teorías sobre estructura de capital y rentabilidad que vienen aplicando en las compañías en España y América Latina al fijar sus políticas de búsqueda de fondos permanentes (capital), mediante el análisis documental de veintidós investigaciones publicadas sobre el tema entre al año 2005 al 2019. Los resultados muestran que la teoría de compensación se aplica mayoritariamente, seguida de la teoría de orden jerárquico y en tercer y último lugar la teoría de la Independencia e Imperfecciones de Mercado. Las tres teorías se deben armonizarse en un solo cuerpo teórico dado que se complementan.

In this research work, we aimed to determine what are the theories about capital structure and profitability that are being applied in companies in Spain and Latin America by setting their permanent funds (capital) search policies, through the documentary analysis of twenty-two published research on the subject between 2005 and 2019. The results show that the theory of compensation is mostly applied, followed by the theory of hierarchical order and third and lastly the theory of Market Independence and Imperfections. The three theories must be harmonized into a single theoretical body since they complement each other.

Poverty in Peru, is a condition very hard to explain given the extension of the territory, and its diversity. The property of agricultural land in Peru had an important turn after the Agrarian Reform: It went from 20,000 states to 1’7500,000 small farms, which in many cases, couldn’t achieve profitable results in their production. With the implementation of low cost and high impact technology, Sierra Productiva is changing that. With the help of Sierra Productiva and Sierra y Selva Exportadora, small and middle agrarian producers have become competitive in the local and foreign market. These models – Sierra Productiva and Sierra y Selva Exportadora – are examples to be replicated to defeat poverty and give back hope to our farmers and agrarian producers.

La pobreza en el Perú es una condición que no se explica dado que contamos con un extenso territorio considerado megadiverso. La propiedad de la tierra agrícola en el Perú paso tras la Reforma Agraria de 20,000 haciendas a 1´750 000 unidades productivas lo que significó que muchos pequeños productores no lograran rentabilidad en sus parcelas. Con la aplicación de las tecnologías de bajo costo y alto impacto de Sierra Productiva esta realidad ha cambiado. Con el apoyo del programa Sierra y Selva Exportadora pequeños y medianos productores agrarios han logrado llegar competitivamente a mercados locales y del exterior. Estos modelos – Sierra Productiva y Sierra y Selva Exportadora – son ejemplo a replicar para dejar atrás los efectos de la pobreza y devolverle la esperanza a nuestra gente del campo.