The purpose of this article is to explain how the lack of development of the financial system and its performance hold a close relationship with the appearance and growth of the informal capital market, in general, and with the individual informal lenders, in particular. To that effect, the author carries out a theoretical analysis of financial repression and describes its evolution in the Peruvian economy, on the basis of a survey of informal lenders done by GRADE. His study brings him to conclude that the situation of repression has diminished the intermediating role and the attractiveness of the financial system, thus favouring the development of the informal market. He then proposes some steps that must be taken to correct this situation.

It is too much obvious that the Peruvian economy has suffered an erratic evolution. This article stresses the hypothesis that when external shocks occur, they have important effects on the economy and on its public sector. In order to test that hypothesis, the author uses a short term macroeconomic model that takes into account the public sector role and its fiscal policy. Then, the goal of this paper is to provide empirical evidence through the estimation of the external shocks effects and through the estimation of the government alternative responses to alleviate the perverse effects.

This article proposes some changes in the tax structure that have affected to Peruvian exports, in order to improve their competitiveness. This paper stresses on the analysis of two taxes: the fuel tax and the minimum income tax. One policy advice is to apply the drawback of the fuel tax paid by the firms in the production process of goods to be exported. The other policy advice is to eliminate the minimum income tax, not only to the exports firms, but also to the firms oriented to the domestic market. Because of the probability of having a great reduction in the tax co/lection in the short run as a consequence of these recommendations, the author have designed a schedule of gradual changes that cuts down the negative effects, and that should create the conditions to tax revenue to be higher in the long run.

This article discusses the integration process of the European Union, stressing the financial aspects, and also discusses the need for a single currency as a further step in that process. The analysis of the financial integration evaluates the existence of interest rate parity and convergence. The main result is that both parity and convergence seem to have been achieved, but only for long run interest rates and just recently. The persistence of important differences between short run interest rates could cause some troubles and it would be showing the skepticism of the single currency successful. Also, the article carries out that the implementation of the single currency will reduce the autonomy of the fiscal policy, and mainly the tax policy, something that appears unwanted by the authorities of the country members of the European Union that have avoided to establish agreements about ...

​This article focuses on the natural resources theory and its implications for the environment. It pays special attention to the issue of optimum extraction of both renewable and non-renewable resources, from a businessman's point of view and looks at the regulatory policies that the government can apply, with particular emphasis on the allocation of the property rights. In addition, it attempts to define the relationship between all this and environmental issues, acknowledging the significance of this set of specific policies to the macroeconomic adjustment policy of today and its attempts to get rid of distorsions.

Presenta, en la primera parte, proyecciones para la economía nacional a mediano y largo plazo en base a una lectura cuidadosa de nuestra historia económica, de los pronósticos sobre el contexto económico internacional y de las transformaciones demográficas y tecnológicas que nos afectan. Resalta la especial importancia del sector minero y también las brechas que persisten entre este sector y el resto de nuestra economía. En la segunda parte, analiza la pobreza multidimensional que caracteriza a las diversas regiones del país, la cual no ha podido erradicar por sí solo el crecimiento macroeconómico; y se reflexiona sobre los desafíos que esto implica para todos. ¿Qué hacer entonces para seguir creciendo con mayor inclusión social? ¿Cómo aprovechar mejor para ello los recursos que tenemos hoy? En la tercera y cuarta partes de este trabajo, se analiza dos temas fundamentale...