The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between the level of technology and the quality of milk in dairy farms in the province of Lima, Peru. The study was carried out in 18 farms. Data was collected through surveys, as well as analysis of milk samples collected during three consecutive days. Variables related to the level of technology of the farms, as well as the physical, compositional, hygienic and sanitary quality of the milk were evaluated. The results revealed average technical scores of 7.1/10 in management, 4.3/10 in facilities and resources, 4.2/6 in milking, and 15.6/26 in the global technification. Regarding the quality of the milk, average temperatures of 18.38 °C, pH of 6.60, average density of 1.030 g/mL, total solids of 12.11%, and fat of 3.46% were recorded. The mean count of mesophilic bacteria was 210x106, coliforms 6x107, and somatic cells 300x105 ce...

This study aimed to discuss the results of a rostrotentorial decompressive craniotomy performed in a ram with had severe neurological signs. The patient had a clinical picture of right paresis product of a left hemisphere syndrome. A computerized axial tomography (CAT) was conducted and a tumour was found in the left cerebral hemisphere. In order to extend the productive life of the animal, given his value as a sire, a decompressive craniotomy was performed. Part of the cranial vault was dissected to provide more space to the brain and relieve intracranial hypertension caused by this pathology. Once recovered from anaesthesia, the animal presented a remission of neurological signs. The patient did not present the previous compulsive circling behaviour, ataxia and head-pressing behaviour. The patient remained under observation for a period of 20 days, during which he presented good temper...

This study aimed to determine the service rate (TS) in intensive dairy farms in Lima, Peru and to identify the factors affecting it. For this purpose, 144 experimental units (farm-month units) were used. Each unit consisted of 60 randomly selected cows who had more than 60 days in lactation during the study month and their conception date should be after the start date of the study month. Records of four dairy farms in the provinces of Huaura, Huaral, Lima and Cañete in the period of August 2010 to July 2013 were assessed. The effect of days in milk (DEL), production level (NPX), parity (NP), the percentage of inseminated cows by using prostaglandins (%PG), percentage of inseminated cows under fixed-time artificial insemination (%TAI) and maximum temperature-humidity index (THI Max) on service rate were evaluated. Moreover, farm, year, season and milking frequency were evaluated. TS was...

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of pasteurization and freezing on the inactivation of the bovine leukosis virus present in milk. A bioassay was carried out using 16 sheep. The animals received an intraperitoneal leukocytes inoculum from cow milk with cells infected with bovine leukosis virus (BVL) previously treated with one of the virus inactivation methods. Four study groups were evaluated: a) control group: milk without prior treatment, b) pasteurization group: milk treated by pasteurization, c) 12-hour freezing group: milk treated by freezing for 12 hours, d) 36-hour freezing group: milk treated by freezing for 36 hours. In the week 10 of the inoculation, all animals (4/4) in the control group and 3/4 of the animals in the 12 h freezing group were seropositive for VLB, while no animal was seropositive (0/4) for VLB in the pasteurization and 36-hour freezing groups. ...

This study aimed to discuss the results of a rostrotentorial decompressive craniotomy performed in a ram with had severe neurological signs. The patient had a clinical picture of right paresis product of a left hemisphere syndrome. A computerized axial tomography (CAT) was conducted and a tumour was found in the left cerebral hemisphere. In order to extend the productive life of the animal, given his value as a sire, a decompressive craniotomy was performed. Part of the cranial vault was dissected to provide more space to the brain and relieve intracranial hypertension caused by this pathology. Once recovered from anaesthesia, the animal presented a remission of neurological signs. The patient did not present the previous compulsive circling behaviour, ataxia and head-pressing behaviour. The patient remained under observation for a period of 20 days, during which he presented good temper...

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la tasa de servicio (TS) de establos de lechería intensiva de Lima, Perú, e identificar los factores que la afectan. Se trabajó con 144 unidades experimentales, denominadas establo-mes. Cada una estuvo conformada por 60 vacas seleccionadas al azar, las cuales debían tener más de 60 días en lactación durante el mes de estudio y su fecha de concepción debía ser después de la fecha de inicio del mes de estudio. Se trabajó con los registros de cuatro establos de las provincias de Huaura, Lima y Cañete en el periodo entre agosto de 2010 y julio de 2013. Se evaluó la posible influencia sobre la TS de los días en lactación (DEL), nivel productivo (NPx), número de partos (NP), porcentaje de vacas con uso de prostaglandinas (%PG), porcentaje de vacas bajo un programa de inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (%IATF) y del índice t...

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of pasteurization and freezing on the inactivation of the bovine leukosis virus present in milk. A bioassay was carried out using 16 sheep. The animals received an intraperitoneal leukocytes inoculum from cow milk with cells infected with bovine leukosis virus (BVL) previously treated with one of the virus inactivation methods. Four study groups were evaluated: a) control group: milk without prior treatment, b) pasteurization group: milk treated by pasteurization, c) 12-hour freezing group: milk treated by freezing for 12 hours, d) 36-hour freezing group: milk treated by freezing for 36 hours. In the week 10 of the inoculation, all animals (4/4) in the control group and 3/4 of the animals in the 12 h freezing group were seropositive for VLB, while no animal was seropositive (0/4) for VLB in the pasteurization and 36-hour freezing groups. ...

El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la eficacia de la congelación sobre la inactivación del virus de la leucosis bovina presente en leche como estrategia de control en terneros lactantes. Para el estudio se realizó un bioensayo ovino, en el cual se emplearon 12 ovinos. Los ovinos recibieron por vía intraperitoneal un inóculo proveniente de leche con células infectadas por el virus de leucosis bovina (VLB) previamente tratada con uno de los métodos de inactivación del virus. Se evaluaron cuatro grupos de estudio: a) grupo control: leche con células infectadas por el VLB sin ningún tratamiento previo, b) grupo congelación 12 horas: leche con células infectadas por el VLB tratada por congelación durante 12 horas, c) grupo congelación 36 horas: leche con células infectadas por el VLB tratada por congelación durante 36 horas. Se encontró que a la décima semana post i...

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de cuatro combinaciones de dos agentes crioprotectores permeantes más dos no permeantes sobre la calidad del semen ovino post-descongelamiento. Para esto, primero (Experimento 1) se seleccionó, entre tres dilutores (A, B y C), el más adecuado para ser usado en la segunda parte (Experimento 2), en la cual se evaluaron las siguientes combinaciones de agentes crioprotectores permeantes y no permeantes: 1)Glicerol - Trehalosa, 2)Glicerol - Sacarosa, 3)Etilenglicol - Trehalosa y 4)Etilenglicol - Sacarosa sobre la calidad del semen ovino post-descongelamiento. Para tal efecto, se realizaron 6 repeticiones para el Experimento 1 y 8 repeticiones para el Experimento 2. Cada repetición constó de 4 eyaculados cada una. En el experimento 1 se encontró que el Dilutor A mantenía mejor la motilidad progresiva y viabilidad e integridad acrosomal post-...

La baja calidad de la leche es un problema de nuestro sector pecuario, la cual trae como consecuencia castigos en el precio de la leche. El presente trabajo determina si el modelo estructural tridimensional planteado represente a los estilos de gestión empleados para administrar la sala de ordeño y la calidad de la leche en los establos lecheros de la provincia de Lima. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 31 establos. Se recolectaron datos a través de encuestas para evaluar la dimensión personas, tareas y prácticas de manejo del estilo de gestión como variable independiente, así como el análisis de muestras de leche para evaluar la calidad física, composicional, higiénica y sanitaria de la calidad de leche, como variable dependiente. Para esto se realizó un análisis factorial y luego se evaluó el modelo estructural planteado en AMOS IBM. Finalmente se realizó un análisis clúst...

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los indicadores de estrés calórico en las principales localidades de lechería intensiva del departamento de Lima. Se evaluaron las localidades de Végueta, Huacho, Huaral, Lurín y Cañete durante el periodo 2010-2013. Se determinó el promedio mensual y por localidad de la temperatura ambiental, la humedad relativa y el índice temperatura-humedad, la duración del estrés calórico y el índice de sobrecarga calórica (ITH Sobrecarga). Se calculó el porcentaje de días en los cuales el ITH Sobrecarga fue superior a 0 y el porcentaje de días según severidad del estrés calórico. Se demuestra que el ITH Sobrecarga fue mayor a 10 desde noviembre a mayo, con un pico en febrero. La duración del estrés calórico fue mayor a 12 horas entre enero y abril. Cañete fue la localidad con mayor ITH Sobrecarga y mayor duración de estrés calórico. L...

The aim of this study was to evaluate heat stress indicators in the main locations of intensive dairy production of the department of Lima. The localities of Végueta, Huacho, Huaral, Lurín and Cañete were evaluated during the period 2010-2013. The monthly and local average of air temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index, the duration of the heat stress and the heat overload index (ITH Overload) were calculated. The percentage of days in which ITH Overload was greater than 0 and the percentage of days according to severity of heat stress were calculated. It was showed that the ITH Overload was greater than 10 from November to May, with a peak in February. The duration of the heat stress was greater than 12 hours between January and April. Cañete was the location with the highest ITH Overload and longest duration of heat stress. The cows in Vegueta suffered some de...

The aim of this study was to verify if rats of the Holtzman strain can be infected with the enzootic bovine leukosis virus (VLB) when they receive blood and colostrum inocula from bovines infected by the virus via orally and intraperitoneally. This is to find new species of animals that can be used in bioassays and that provide management facilities compared to the ovine species. For this, 28 rats of the Holtzman strain were used plus 8 crossbred sheep that were used as a control group. The 28 rats were distributed into three experimental groups: i) 8 rats inoculated with blood intraperitoneally, ii) 10 rats inoculated with blood orally, and iii) 10 rats inoculated with colostrum orally. The control group of sheep was inoculated with blood intraperitoneally. The inoculum was prepared from blood and colostrum samples from a cow diagnosed as serologically positive for VLB and with persiste...

            The aim of the research was to study the association between the presentation of endometritis and serum calcium levels in intensively reared dairy cows from Lima, Peru. The study was carried out with 76 Holstein cows. Blood samples were taken on the seventh day of parturition to measure calcium levels using a spectrophotometer, considering 8 mg/dl as the threshold to determine the presence of subclinical hypocalcemia. The diagnosis of endometritis was made at 35 ± 3 days postpartum using the commercial Metricheck® device to evaluate the appearance of vaginal fundus discharge, considering as endometritis a score greater than or equal to 2 on the McDougall scale. A significant difference was found between multiparous cows with and without hypocalcemia in the presentation of endometritis (p<0.02), showing 1.65 times mor...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the excessive duration of the study program and the academic situation of the entrants of the Professional School of Veterinary Medicine (EPMV) of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. The study followed up on entrants between 2004 and 2013, whether or not they had completed their studies. The formal graduation time was established at seven years (formal excess duration index = 1.0) and the time for timely graduation at eight years (timely excess time index = 1.0). By 2022, 78% of entrants had completed their studies, 21% had dropped out, and 42% had a professional degree. The average time from entry to obtaining the professional degree was 10.1 years. The formal excess duration rate was 1.45, so graduates needed 45% more time (about 3 years) to achieve their degree, while the timely excess duration rate was only 1.27. In conclusion, there is...

            The aim of the research was to study the association between the presentation of endometritis and serum calcium levels in intensively reared dairy cows from Lima, Peru. The study was carried out with 76 Holstein cows. Blood samples were taken on the seventh day of parturition to measure calcium levels using a spectrophotometer, considering 8 mg/dl as the threshold to determine the presence of subclinical hypocalcemia. The diagnosis of endometritis was made at 35 ± 3 days postpartum using the commercial Metricheck® device to evaluate the appearance of vaginal fundus discharge, considering as endometritis a score greater than or equal to 2 on the McDougall scale. A significant difference was found between multiparous cows with and without hypocalcemia in the presentation of endometritis (p<0.02), showing 1.65 times mor...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of dairy cows with delayed uterine involution under hormonal treatment with estradiol cypionate (CE2) and estradiol benzoate (BE2) between 36 and 49 days after parturition and a group of dairy cows with normal uterine involution. A total of 349 dairy cows with delayed uterine involution and 127 dairy cows without delayed uterine involution from a commercial farm in Lima, Peru were used. The BE2 treatment consisted of the i.m. application of 3 doses of 5 mg at 2-day interval and the CE2 treatment consisted of the i.m. application of 2 doses of 4 mg at 4-day interval. The parameters evaluated were calving-to-conception interval (IPC), services per conception (NSC), conception rate at first service (P1S) and the pregnancy rate at 200 days (P200D). In addition, the likelihood of get pregnant according to the days in lactation...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of dairy cows with delayed uterine involution under hormonal treatment with estradiol cypionate (CE2) and estradiol benzoate (BE2) between 36 and 49 days after parturition and a group of dairy cows with normal uterine involution. A total of 349 dairy cows with delayed uterine involution and 127 dairy cows without delayed uterine involution from a commercial farm in Lima, Peru were used. The BE2 treatment consisted of the i.m. application of 3 doses of 5 mg at 2-day interval and the CE2 treatment consisted of the i.m. application of 2 doses of 4 mg at 4-day interval. The parameters evaluated were calving-to-conception interval (IPC), services per conception (NSC), conception rate at first service (P1S) and the pregnancy rate at 200 days (P200D). In addition, the likelihood of get pregnant according to the days in lactation...

The aim of this research was to characterize the management style in three types of dairy farms in the province of Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in 18 dairy farms classified as family, informal and corporate farms. Surveys were applied to the managers and workers of each farm to evaluate the management style in two dimensions: "People" and "Tasks", based on the two-dimensional analysis model with six variables per dimension. Significant differences were found between management styles. In the "People" dimension, corporate farms had higher scores in the environment and relationships variables compared to informal farms (p<0.05), while family farms had a higher score in the relationship variable compared to informal farms (p<0.05). In the "Tasks" dimension, corporate farms had a higher score in the control, performance and objectives variables comp...

The study aimed to determine the effect of body condition score (SCC) at the time of artificial insemination on the conception rate (TC) of Holstein cows raised under an intensive system. In total, 1851 inseminations from dairy farm in Lima, Peru were evaluated. The SCC was evaluated through visual observation on a 1-5 scale, forming two groups: SCC <3 and SCC ≥3. The pregnancy diagnosis was made between days 35 and 42 post-service. Overall TC (GTC) and at first insemination were significantly higher in cows with SCC ≥3 than in cows with SCC <3 (p<0.01), with no significant differences at the second and third insemination. SCC had a significant effect on TC at first insemination in multiparous cows (p<0.05), but not in primiparous cows. The SCC did not have a significant effect on the GTC or at the first insemination in cows bred in times of heat stress (October-June), wh...