Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento Académico de Horticultura

El proceso de tomar una decisión financiera, parte del supuesto de que cada una de las acciones que se planifiquen o discutan involucra dos aspectos: la maximización de utilidades y la reducción de costos. Por esto, se supone que dichas decisiones son enteramente racionales. Aquí nace la interrogante principal: ¿las personas toman decisiones racionales, no dejándose influenciar por factores conductuales que afectan la calidad de la decisión y su resultado?. Por lo anterior, se busca determinar si las decisiones financieras que se toman en las empresas familiares son racionales y por tanto responden a una jerarquía de preferencia en la utilización de recursos financieros (Pecking Order Theory), o existen factores conductuales que realmente afectan la decisión. El estudio realizado es de diseño transeccional y de tipo relacional. Se consideró una muestra de empresas familiares ...

Trabajo de investigación presentado en la XXXVI Reunión de la Asociación Peruana de Producción Animal - APPA 2013, realizado del 04 al 06 de diciembre del 2013, Lima - Perú.

Los objetivos fueron estimar la heredabilidad y repetibilidad de características reproductivas de llamas del CIP Quimsachata del INIA-Puno. Se analizaron 20315 datos correspondientes a 1743 y 376 llamas hembras y machos respectivamente. Las hembras nacieron entre 1996 a 2012 y los machos entre 1996 a 2011. Las variables analizadas para las hembras fueron: edad al primer empadre, edad al primer parto, número de servicios por parto, intervalo parto primer servicio, intervalo parto preñez, intervalo entre partos y duración de la gestación; para los machos fueron: edad al primer empadre y tiempo de cópula. Los componentes de varianza se estimaron mediante máxima verosimilitud restringida REML, utilizando el programa VCE versión 5.0. Las heredabilidades fueron nulas 0.0000 (intervalo parto primer servicio) a medias 0.2705 (duración de la gestación). En conclusión, las heredabilidad...

The objectives of this study were to describe the growth of young llamas by the application of four non-linear functions (Gompertz, Logistic, Von Bertalanffy and Brody), evaluate the importance of fixed (environmental) effects (sex, type of llama, month and year of birth) on growth curve parameters and finally estimate the genetic parameters for growth curve parameters (A: asymptotic body weight and k: specific growth rate). A total of 35,691 monthly body weight records from birth up to 16 months of age from 2675 young llamas, collected from 1998 to 2008 in the Quimsachata Experimental Station of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) in Peru were used. Growth curve parameters were estimated by non-linear procedures while genetic parameters were estimated by application of a bivariate animal model and the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. All non-linear functions...

The objective of the study was to evaluate the phenotypic variability of the percentage of medullated fibres of Huacaya alpacas, as well as to calculate the phenotypic correlation between the average diameter of fiber (ADF) and the percentage of total medullation (PM). Fibre samples were collected from 36 Huacaya alpacas (0.4-10.4 years old males) to analyse the ADF and the PM with the projection microscope. The type of medulla of the fibres was considered as not medullated, fragmented, discontinuous, continuous and strongly medullated. A high phenotypic variability of PM between alpacas and within the samples was observed. The mean ± standard deviation of PM and ADF was 32.56 ± 18.30% and 17.58 ± 2.52 μm for non-medullated fibres; 29.29 ± 11.67% and 21.49 ± 2.39 μm for fragmented medullated fibres; 14.01 ± 10.14% and 24.04 ± 2.40 μm for discontinuous medullated fibres; 23.90 �...

The objective of the study was to evaluate the phenotypic variability of the percentage of medullated fibres of Huacaya alpacas, as well as to calculate the phenotypic correlation between the average diameter of fiber (ADF) and the percentage of total medullation (PM). Fibre samples were collected from 36 Huacaya alpacas (0.4-10.4 years old males) to analyse the ADF and the PM with the projection microscope. The type of medulla of the fibres was considered as not medullated, fragmented, discontinuous, continuous and strongly medullated. A high phenotypic variability of PM between alpacas and within the samples was observed. The mean ± standard deviation of PM and ADF was 32.56 ± 18.30% and 17.58 ± 2.52 μm for non-medullated fibres; 29.29 ± 11.67% and 21.49 ± 2.39 μm for fragmented medullated fibres; 14.01 ± 10.14% and 24.04 ± 2.40 μm for discontinuous medullated fibres; 23.90 �...

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la estructura genética de la población de llamas, del Banco de Germoplasma de Quimsachata Estación Experimental Illpa-Puno del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, durante el año 2015. Se analizó el archivo de pedigrí de 4698 animales nacidos en el periodo 1993 al 2014, de los cuales 2075 fueron machos y 2623 hembras. Para el cálculo de los coeficientes individuales de consanguinidad (F), coeficiente de relación media (AR), tamaño efectivo de la población (N ), de fundadores (f ) de ancestros (f ), intervalo generacional (IG) y la profundidad e e a de pedigrí se ha utilizado el programa ENDOG v.4.8. Los resultados para coeficiente de consanguinidad media y el promedio de relación media de la población de llamas fueron 0.11 y 0.25% respectivamente. Del total de 906 ancestros que dieron origen a la población de referencia, 102 explica...

Genealogical and productive records are the most important pillars within genetic and genomic improvement programs, where the diversity of data that can be collected must be systematized and related, to carry out an adequate statistical analysis considering all the factors that influence the variables. On the other hand, the current proposals do not contemplate the total registration of the population, both genealogical and productive records. Moreover, there is no software that allows systematizing, ordering and providing objective and measurable information in an orderly manner within the management of domestic camelids. For this reason, the construction of a computer application was proposed allowing the collection of genealogical and productive records of the entire population of both alpacas and llamas within the herds. As a result, the computer application called "Pacokipu" and "Ll...

The aim of this study was the identification of candidate genomic regions associated with fiber diameter in alpacas. DNA samples were collected from 1011 female Huacaya alpacas from two geographical Andean regions in Peru (Pasco and Puno), and three alpaca farms within each region. The samples were genotyped using an Affymetrix Custom Alpaca genotyping array containing 76,508 SNPs. After the quality controls, 960 samples and 51,742 SNPs were retained. Three association study methodologies were performed. The GWAS based on a linear model allowed us to identify 11 and 35 SNPs (−log10(p-values) > 4) using information on all alpacas and alpacas with extreme values of fiber diameter, respectively. The haplotype and marker analysis method allowed us to identify nine haplotypes with standardized haplotype heritability higher than six standard deviations. The selection signatures based on cros...

In alpacas color fleece phenotypes have different terminologies that induces confusion within the brown color and its shades, it requires a better description and quantification. Consequently, the aims of the study were to quantify the color of fiber and identify the informational SNPs in the MC1R gene (melanocortin 1 receptor) in brown and black alpacas. A vicuña phenotype (n=14) and four alpaca phenotypes (n=79), light brown, dark brown, brown-black and black were evaluated by colorimetry. The vicuña fleece showed greater lightness (47.74) and color intensity (24.33) compared to brown alpacas. The CIE L*a*b* values (lightness and intensity) suggest low values in eumelanic alpacas and high in pheomelanic alpacas. In vicuña and alpaca, the coding sequence of the MC1R gene has a single exon of 954 bp, in vicuñas the deletion (c.224_227del) was not observed. However, this deletion was ...

In alpacas color fleece phenotypes have different terminologies that induces confusion within the brown color and its shades, it requires a better description and quantification. Consequently, the aims of the study were to quantify the color of fiber and identify the informational SNPs in the MC1R gene (melanocortin 1 receptor) in brown and black alpacas. A vicuña phenotype (n=14) and four alpaca phenotypes (n=79), light brown, dark brown, brown-black and black were evaluated by colorimetry. The vicuña fleece showed greater lightness (47.74) and color intensity (24.33) compared to brown alpacas. The CIE L*a*b* values (lightness and intensity) suggest low values in eumelanic alpacas and high in pheomelanic alpacas. In vicuña and alpaca, the coding sequence of the MC1R gene has a single exon of 954 bp, in vicuñas the deletion (c.224_227del) was not observed. However, this deletion was ...

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