A real time RT-PCR assay was standardized and validated for detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Tonsil tissue and lymph nodules that were positive (n=36) and negative (n= 30) to CSFV by immunofluorescence test (IF) were selected. The viral RNA extraction, the complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis and real time RT- PCR were performed using commercial kits. Three sets of primers were tested for amplification of a conserved region (5’UTR) of panpestivirus and 5’UTR Chinese strain and the E2 glycoprotein region (E2 PPC) against reference strains of CSFV: Alfort/187, Brescia, and a vaccine Chinese strain as positive controls, and strains of the bovine viral diarrhea virus, border disease virus and porcine rotavirus as negative controls. The 83.3 ± 12.3% (30/36) of positive simples to CSFV by IF test was positive for virus isolation and the 96.7 ± 3.3% (29/30) of negative sampl...

Se estandarizó y validó la técnica de Transcriptasa Reversa - Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (RT-T-PCR) en tiempo real para el diagnóstico de la Peste Porcina Clásica (PPC). Se utilizó extractos de tonsilas y nódulos linfáticos de porcinos positivos (n=36) y negativos (n=30) a PPC mediante inmunofluorescencia (IF). La extracción de ARN viral, síntesis del ADN complementario y PCR en tiempo real se realizaron utilizando kits comerciales. Se utilizaron tres pares de cebadores para amplificar una región conservada (5’UTR) del virus PPC (VPPC) y del panpestivirus (virus de la DVB y EF) y una región codificante de la proteína E2 del VPPC frente a cepas de referencia del VPPC Alfort/187, Brescia y cepa China vacunal como controles positivos y cepas de los virus diarrea viral bovina, enfermedad de la frontera y rotavirus porcino como controles negativos. El 83.3 ± 12.3% (3...

The aim of this study was to isolate and genotyping the Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) strain in pig farms in Lima and Arequipa, Peru. Seropositive pig farms to PRRSV were identified by ELISA test. Blood samples were collected from weaned pigs from positive pig farms in Lima (A=44, B=20; C=16) and Arequipa (D=32, E=92). The serum samples (n=204) were processed in 51 pools of 4 samples each for virus isolation using Porcine Alveolar Macrophage (PAM) cell line. The genome of the virus isolated was identified by Reverse Transcription-nested Polimerase Chain Reaction (RT-nPCR). The complementary DNA (cDNA) of genotype 1 and 2 of PRRSV vaccine strains were used as positive controls and cDNA of equine viral arteritis virus, classical swine fever virus and PAM cells as negative controls in the RT-nPCR. Three blind passages in PAM cell line with each of the 51 pool w...

The aim of this research was to determine the expression of proinflammatory cytokines from alpaca leukocytes through the antigenic challenge with macrocyst extract of Sarcocystis aucheniae at various doses and exposure times. Leukocytes in a concentration of 500 000 cells/ml were exposed to concentrations of 0.5, 1, 50, 500 and 1000 ng of macrocyst extract ofS. aucheniae and incubated for 1, 12 and 24 h. The total messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted for each treatment using Trizol and used to perform real-time RT-PCR with specific primers for cytokine TNF-α and interleukins IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6. The generated mRNA levels of IL-1α and TNF-α at 1 h were detectable and higher in comparison to the calibrator (leukocytes not exposed to the extract). IL-1β increased at the 1 ng/ml concentration at 24 h showing a negative kinetic expression when compared with the untreated control group. ...

The aim of this study was to isolate and genotyping the Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) strain in pig farms in Lima and Arequipa, Peru. Seropositive pig farms to PRRSV were identified by ELISA test. Blood samples were collected from weaned pigs from positive pig farms in Lima (A=44, B=20; C=16) and Arequipa (D=32, E=92). The serum samples (n=204) were processed in 51 pools of 4 samples each for virus isolation using Porcine Alveolar Macrophage (PAM) cell line. The genome of the virus isolated was identified by Reverse Transcription-nested Polimerase Chain Reaction (RT-nPCR). The complementary DNA (cDNA) of genotype 1 and 2 of PRRSV vaccine strains were used as positive controls and cDNA of equine viral arteritis virus, classical swine fever virus and PAM cells as negative controls in the RT-nPCR. Three blind passages in PAM cell line with each of the 51 pool w...

The aim of this research was to determine the expression of proinflammatory cytokines from alpaca leukocytes through the antigenic challenge with macrocyst extract of Sarcocystis aucheniae at various doses and exposure times. Leukocytes in a concentration of 500 000 cells/ml were exposed to concentrations of 0.5, 1, 50, 500 and 1000 ng of macrocyst extract ofS. aucheniae and incubated for 1, 12 and 24 h. The total messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted for each treatment using Trizol and used to perform real-time RT-PCR with specific primers for cytokine TNF-α and interleukins IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6. The generated mRNA levels of IL-1α and TNF-α at 1 h were detectable and higher in comparison to the calibrator (leukocytes not exposed to the extract). IL-1β increased at the 1 ng/ml concentration at 24 h showing a negative kinetic expression when compared with the untreated control group. ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines of alpaca circulating leukocytes when confronting total extract of Clostridum perfringens (structural components and toxins). Whole blood was collected from the jugular vein of 5 female and 5 male adult alpacas. The leukocytes were separated using ammonium chloride to lyse erythrocytes followed by centrifugation and then cultured at a concentration of 500 000 cells/ml of MEM (Minimal Essential Medium) in culture plates of 12 wells. Simultaneously were challenged with total extract of C. perfringens grown in thioglycolate broth at concentrations of 400, 80, 16, 0.8 and 0.2 μg/ml and then quantifying by RT-PCR the expression of cytokines TNF∝, IL-1∝, IL-6 and IL-1ß at 1, 12 and 24 h of exposure. The results showed that low doses of clostridial extracts (0.2 to 0.8 mg/ml) are capable of inducing expressi...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines of alpaca circulating leukocytes when confronting total extract of Clostridum perfringens (structural components and toxins). Whole blood was collected from the jugular vein of 5 female and 5 male adult alpacas. The leukocytes were separated using ammonium chloride to lyse erythrocytes followed by centrifugation and then cultured at a concentration of 500 000 cells/ml of MEM (Minimal Essential Medium) in culture plates of 12 wells. Simultaneously were challenged with total extract of C. perfringens grown in thioglycolate broth at concentrations of 400, 80, 16, 0.8 and 0.2 μg/ml and then quantifying by RT-PCR the expression of cytokines TNF∝, IL-1∝, IL-6 and IL-1ß at 1, 12 and 24 h of exposure. The results showed that low doses of clostridial extracts (0.2 to 0.8 mg/ml) are capable of inducing expressi...

The objective of this study was to standardize and validate the real-time RT-PCR technique for diagnosis of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis virus (IPNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Central Sierra of Peru. Samples of kidney and spleen (n=61) of rainbow trout with apparent clinical signs of IPN and from rainbow trout apparently healthy (n=60) were collected from two fish farms located in the central sierra. Before standardization of the real-time RT-PCR technique, the kidney and spleen samples of 121 rainbow trout were tested for antigen of IPNV by indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) test. In addition, kidney and spleen samples of 10 rainbow trout negative to IPNV by IIF were inoculated with a serial dilution of IPNV strain (from initial concentration of 103 PFU/ml). The RNA extraction of the 121 samples and of the 10 samples inoculated with IPNV strain, the cDNA and the real-t...

The seroprevalence of Leptospira spp in mares with abortion problems in a stud in Lima was determined. Two blood samples were collected from each mare within a 2-month period for the detection of antibodies against 12 Leptospira serovars using the microaglutination test. The serovars included in the study were icterohaemorraghiae, canicola, pomona, bratislava, georgia, tarassovi, autumnalis, pyrogenes, hardjo, ballum, australis and gryppotyphosa. Total prevalence of Leptospira spp was 96 and 100% in the first and second sampling respectively. Antibodies against serovars canicola, icterohaemorraghiae, pomona and georgia were more frequently detected during both period of sampling. No antibodies were found against serovars bratislava, tarassovi, autumnalis, hardjo, australis or gryppotyphosa. Sixty five percent of the animals were positive for three serovars simultaneously. The most freque...

The objective of the present study was to determine and compare the levels of the relative expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) of IgA in intestinal epithelium of newborn alpaca up to 45 days old, that were in good health status (n=35) and ill with enteropathy (n=35). In each group, five animals were newborns before the consumption of colostrum and five for each week of age until the sixth week. Samples consisted in 2 cm length of jejunum, which was immediately preserved at -196 °C. The extraction was done with Trizol®, then complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. Subsequently, the conventional PCR and real time RT-PCR was conducted using oligonucleotides designed for detecting the exon 1 of the Fc IgA region of alpaca. The quantification of the relative expression was made through normalization with the GAPDH gene mRNA and the relative expression calculations were conducted using the ...

The aim of this study was to determine the expression of antimicrobial peptides (α- and β-defensins) in the intestinal epithelium of newborn alpaca (1 to 6 weeks of age) with enteropathies, using the relative quantification of messenger RNA (mRNA) of the α (Defa 8) and β (β def alp) defensins. Two portions of the jejunum (2 cm) were collected from 29 newborn alpaca with signs of diarrhea. One portion was processed for histological analysis using hematoxylin-eosin staining to determine the type of enteropathy. The second portion was used to obtain total mRNA from jejunal scrapings, which served as template for cDNA synthesis by reverse transcription (RT), followed by a Real-Time PCR for the amplification and detection of defensins. The relative quantification of mRNA was performed using 2-ΔΔCt method. The sick newborn showed an expression of α-defensin (Defa 8) corresponding to 18...

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of genomic ?-and ? -defensins (bovine enteric beta defensin – ?-def alp – and Defa 8 respectively) and their levels of expression as messenger RNA in samples of intestinal mucosa of newborn alpacas. Samples of jejunum of 30 animals from 0 to 45 days of age were collected. Genomic DNA and mRNA were extracted for PCR analysis and real-time RT-PCR respectively. All samples amplified a single DNA segment (between 800 and 900 pb) by PCR which corresponds to the alpha defensin 8 (defa 8), while 90% (27/30) amplified a segment expected 300-350 pb for ?-def alp and two additional bands of 800-900 pb evidenced by agarose gel electrophoresis. The detection of mRNAs by real time RT-PCR was performed based on Cycle threshold (Ct) analysis and Melting temperature (Tm) of the amplified products. The Cts for defa 8 products were found between 25.1...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la presencia genómica de ? - y ?- defensinas (Defa 8 y??-def alp) y sus niveles de expresión como ARN mensajeros, en muestras de mucosa intestinal de crías alpaca. Se colectaron muestras de yeyuno y sangre de 30 animales de 0 a 45 días de edad. Se extrajo el ADN genómico y los ARN mensajeros para el análisis por PCR y RT-PCR tiempo real, respectivamente. La prueba de PCR convencional determinó que todas las muestras amplificaron un segmento genómico de entre 800 y 900 pb correspondiente a una Defa 8, y el 90% (27/30) de las muestras amplificó un segmento esperado de 300 a 350 pb para ?-def alp y dos bandas adicionales de 800 a 900 pb, evidenciados en la electroforesis en gel de agarosa. La detección de ARN mensajeros por RT-PCR tiempo real se realizó en base al análisis de las curvas de amplificación (Ct) y curvas de disociaci�...

The objective of this study was to standardize and validate the real-time RT-PCR technique for diagnosis of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis virus (IPNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Central Sierra of Peru. Samples of kidney and spleen (n=61) of rainbow trout with apparent clinical signs of IPN and from rainbow trout apparently healthy (n=60) were collected from two fish farms located in the central sierra. Before standardization of the real-time RT-PCR technique, the kidney and spleen samples of 121 rainbow trout were tested for antigen of IPNV by indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) test. In addition, kidney and spleen samples of 10 rainbow trout negative to IPNV by IIF were inoculated with a serial dilution of IPNV strain (from initial concentration of 103 PFU/ml). The RNA extraction of the 121 samples and of the 10 samples inoculated with IPNV strain, the cDNA and the real-t...

The seroprevalence of Leptospira spp in mares with abortion problems in a stud in Lima was determined. Two blood samples were collected from each mare within a 2-month period for the detection of antibodies against 12 Leptospira serovars using the microaglutination test. The serovars included in the study were icterohaemorraghiae, canicola, pomona, bratislava, georgia, tarassovi, autumnalis, pyrogenes, hardjo, ballum, australis and gryppotyphosa. Total prevalence of Leptospira spp was 96 and 100% in the first and second sampling respectively. Antibodies against serovars canicola, icterohaemorraghiae, pomona and georgia were more frequently detected during both period of sampling. No antibodies were found against serovars bratislava, tarassovi, autumnalis, hardjo, australis or gryppotyphosa. Sixty five percent of the animals were positive for three serovars simultaneously. The most freque...

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar y comparar los niveles de expresión relativa de ARN mensajero (ARNm) de IgA en el epitelio intestinal de las crías de alpacas en aparente buen estado de salud (n=35) o enfermas con enteropatía (n=35). Encada grupo se incluyeron cinco animales recién nacidos antes del consumo de calostro y cinco por cada semana de edad hasta la sexta semana. Se tomaron 2 cm de yeyuno por animal y se almacenaron en congelación a -196 °C. Se realizó la extracción de ARN total con Trizol® y luego se sintetizó el ADN complementario (ADNc). Posteriormente se realizó el PCR y la RT-PCR Tiempo Real empleando oligonucleótidos diseñados para la detección del exón 1 de la región Fc IgA de alpaca. Se realizó la cuantificación de la expresión relativa mediante normalización con ARNm del gen GAPDH y los cálculos de la expresión relativa se realiza...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la expresión de péptidos antimicrobianos (á- y â-defensinas) en el epitelio intestinal de crías de alpaca de 1 a 6 semanas de edad y con enteropatías, mediante la cuantificación relativa de ARN mensajeros (ARNm) de las á (defa 8) y â (â def alp) defensinas. Se tomaron dos porciones de yeyuno de 2 cm de longitud de 29 crías de alpacas con signos de diarrea. Una porción se procesó para el análisis histopatológico utilizando la tinción Hematoxilina-Eosina para determinar el tipo de enteropatía. De la otra porción se obtuvo el ARNm total de los raspados yeyunales, que sirvió de molde para la síntesis de cDNA mediante transcripción reversa (RT), seguido de un PCR en Tiempo Real, para la amplificación y detección de las defensinas. La cuantificación relativa de ARNm se realizó mediante el método 2- ÄÄCt. Las crías enf...