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1
artículo
Peru is currently undergoing negotiations for free trade agreements with the United States and various East Asian countries. Subscribing to these agreements will give Peru the opportunity to consolidate and deepen the process of international trade liberalization started in the 1990s. In order for Peru to take full advantage of the opportunities that international trade openness bring, it must deepen the reforms that upgrade human capital, make financial markets more accessible, promote high quality public infrastructure and governance, and reduce the regulatory burden. In all of these areas, but particularly in that of labor markets, Peru has much scope for progress.
2
artículo
Publicado 2020
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The present work, reveals the investigation from the critical criminological perspective, a brief investigation that had as objectives: to integrate the main postulates of the criminologists critical to the investigation of the crime of Illicit Drug Trafficking, to present critical positions to the criminal system, to capitalist system, determine the route of the drug in Puno and its main exits; by means of the sociological and dogmatic method, the connection of the postulates on the study of the criminal or deviant of Richard Quinney, Taylor, Walton, Young, Alessandro Baratta among other critical criminologists is established, to study who incurs the crime of Illicit Traffic in Drugs, confirming that many postulates serve to have a real vision of crime and the offender; In addition to this, in order not to lose the style of Critical Criminology, we find the crime of Illicit Drug Traffic...
3
artículo
Publicado 2024
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The book Crítica de la Economía Política de David Ricardo: de la teoría del valor a la teoría del comercio internacional highlights the intellectual solvency of its author, Pedro Arjón López, whose merit lies in identifying errors and omissions in the work of a classic author such as David Ricardo, aspects that other renowned scholars have overlooked. Arjón's exceptional theoretical interest in unraveling the mysteries of economics and his critical review of established authors allow him to find differences, similarities, problems, and paradigm shifts that are also reflected in economic science. This remarkable competence has been demonstrated in his academic work at the Universidad del Mar (UMAR) in Mexico and other educational centers. It is worth mentioning that Dr. Arjón also published an article in the prestigious journal Investigación Económica of the Faculty of Economic...
4
artículo
Publicado 2022
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This research focuses on mules, mammals whose strength and endurance were essential to the Spanish-American colonial economy at a time when there were no tractors or railways. The study explores the importance of mules for overland trade, the difficulties and risks faced by mule traders, the credit problems of the Indians and the development of the reparto system that simplified business. Both registers and testimonies in Peru show a severe shortage of mules as a result of the suppression of the reparto system, decreed by the Crown since 1780. Faced with this major problem, authorities and traders tried to reverse the situation.
5
artículo
Publicado 2022
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In 2017, a constitutional reform to articles 107 and 123 led to the creation of a new paradigm in labor procedural matters, which together with the renegotiation of the trade agreementbetween the United States, Canada and Mexico-known by the acronym T-MEC-implied that our country had to ratify Convention 98 of the International Labor Organization (ILO) regarding the right to organize and collective bargaining in order to adapt its internal regulations. Thus, on May 1, 2019, the reform to the Federal Labor Law (LFT) was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation (DOF), which entered into force the following day, which states, among other things, that unions have until 2023 to legitimize their collective bargaining agreements, adapt their internal bylaws to incorporate the gender perspective in their directives and together with the employer create a protocol that eradicates viole...
6
artículo
Publicado 2020
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The objective is to generate a marketing proposal that encourages the export of colored native cottonblankets made by CITE SIPAN artisans to the German market. The hypothetical-deductive method wasused and the results indicated that the artisans of the CITE-SIPAN expect to be able to export theirproducts but require follow-up due to the lack of knowledge of the tools necessary for export, whilemarket research indicates that according to the In charge of retail in the city of Hamburg, Peruviannative cotton blankets will have acceptance and may be distributed if the minimum requirements aremet. It was determined that the marketing proposal must meet the requirements of the German marketin the area of promotion and distribution if it encourages artisans to export blankets made of colorednative cotton.
7
artículo
Publicado 2020
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The objective is to generate a marketing proposal that encourages the export of colored native cottonblankets made by CITE SIPAN artisans to the German market. The hypothetical-deductive method wasused and the results indicated that the artisans of the CITE-SIPAN expect to be able to export theirproducts but require follow-up due to the lack of knowledge of the tools necessary for export, whilemarket research indicates that according to the In charge of retail in the city of Hamburg, Peruviannative cotton blankets will have acceptance and may be distributed if the minimum requirements aremet. It was determined that the marketing proposal must meet the requirements of the German marketin the area of promotion and distribution if it encourages artisans to export blankets made of colorednative cotton.
8
artículo
Publicado 2018
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Objective: To demonstrate the presence of alkaloids and phenols in the Minthostachys mollis (muña) flower branch, and to compare the results with those of five informally traded muña samples bought in Lima - Peru. Materials and methods: A sample of Minthostachys mollis was collected in the department of Junín (located at 321 km from Lima and at 4113 m.a.s.l.), Peru, according to the Cerrate E. and Ramagosa et. al. method, and identified by a botanic specialist. Other five samples without sanitary registry were bought in different markets. The phytochemical screening was performed using the method proposed by Olga Lock, M.D. The qualitative references employed were "+++" (highly present), "++" (moderately present), "+" (slightly present) and "-" (absent). Results: Regarding the alkaloids, the sample of Minthostachys mollis showed "++" metabolites. In contrast, M1 showed no metab...
9
artículo
Publicado 2023
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China's trade policy for Latin America represents one of the largest strategic plans to strengthen trade, economic and financial ties with the countries of this region. Different Latin American countries are positively observing the possibility of integrating commercially and economically with China through bilateral relations that include the signing of free trade agreements. This paper, of quantitative methodology with a longitudinal non-experimental approach, analyzes the impact that the signing of the Free Trade Agreement between Peru and China had on the exports of copper minerals and their concentrates, whose tariff heading is the most exported from Peru to China in the 2010s. Further. The results show that exports of copper minerals and their concentrates from Peru to China increased significantly after the signing of such an agreement, generating a positive impact on the economic...
10
artículo
Publicado 2023
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China's trade policy for Latin America represents one of the largest strategic plans to strengthen trade, economic and financial ties with the countries of this region. Different Latin American countries are positively observing the possibility of integrating commercially and economically with China through bilateral relations that include the signing of free trade agreements. This paper, of quantitative methodology with a longitudinal non-experimental approach, analyzes the impact that the signing of the Free Trade Agreement between Peru and China had on the exports of copper minerals and their concentrates, whose tariff heading is the most exported from Peru to China in the 2010s. Further. The results show that exports of copper minerals and their concentrates from Peru to China increased significantly after the signing of such an agreement, generating a positive impact on the economic...
11
artículo
Publicado 2008
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Since one of the main goals of the APEC is to facilitate the international trade and investments among its members, it is said that taking over APEC presidency (as Peru in 2008), will contribute to foster trade and attract investments from member economies. But, is there any pattern which allows quantifying the benefi ts resulting from this kind of commitment? After evaluating the trade statistics of APEC developing economies ever since the creation of the Forum in 1989, it can be inferred that presiding APEC does not guarantee an increase in its trade with the rest of APEC economies. Right after hosting the summit, its imports grow higher compared with its exports, but there is not any conclusive information on the growth of foreign direct investment (FDI). Nevertheless, even though the growth of trade and FDI attraction from APEC other member economies does not rely exclusively on taki...
12
artículo
Publicado 2017
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There is not yet consensus in the trade agreements literature as to whether preferential liberalization leads to more or less multilateral liberalization. However, research thus far has focused mostly on tariff measures of import protection. We develop more comprehensive measures of trade policy that include the temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies of antidumping and safeguards; studies in other contexts have also shown how these policies can erode some of the trade liberalization gains that arise when examining tariffs alone. We examine the experiences of Argentina and Brazil during the formation of the Mercosur over 1990-2001, and we find that an exclusive focus on applied tariffs may lead to a mischaracterization of the relationship between preferential liberalization and liberalization toward non-member countries. First, any ‘building block’ evidence that arises by focu...
13
artículo
Publicado 2022
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This paper seeks to analyze the geopolitical causes of the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (TLCAN / NAFTA) until the generation of the new United States Mexico Canada Agreement (T-MEC / USMCA). We consider that the advance of China within the supply chains that enter the geographic area of North America, the existing asymmetries in the productive structures of Mexico and its two northern partners, as well as the new protectionist tendencies in the United States generated the conditions for the renegotiation of the agreement, which creates incentives to prioritize the production of industrial material within the USMCA space against competition from Chinese products. We will do a discussion about the favorable and unfavorable aspects for the implementation of the new agreement and the new perspectives on its possible impact on the automotive industry, which was one...
14
artículo
Publicado 2016
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With the presente article, the autor examines the trade test from the law amending No 30293. In this way, it analyzes the elements that comprise it: a) exceptionality trade test; b) test failure; c) source of evidence cited by legal parties; d) prohibition of supplying the parties of the burden of proof, e) contradiction assurance; f) contestability of the decision; g) trade test in second grade; and h) prohibition of nullity of sentence for lack of proof, under which concludes that the conditional use of the shaping trade, leaving aside the possibility of its arbitrary and indiscriminate use by the judge whose decision may be challenged if it does not comply with the above in order to maintain their duty of impartiality.
15
artículo
Publicado 2016
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With the presente article, the autor examines the trade test from the law amending No 30293. In this way, it analyzes the elements that comprise it: a) exceptionality trade test; b) test failure; c) source of evidence cited by legal parties; d) prohibition of supplying the parties of the burden of proof, e) contradiction assurance; f) contestability of the decision; g) trade test in second grade; and h) prohibition of nullity of sentence for lack of proof, under which concludes that the conditional use of the shaping trade, leaving aside the possibility of its arbitrary and indiscriminate use by the judge whose decision may be challenged if it does not comply with the above in order to maintain their duty of impartiality.
16
artículo
Publicado 2020
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International trade relations are going through a period of transformation. From the analysis of statistics and documents, a trend towards the configuration of a new foreign trade policy at a global level, with higher levels of protectionism and distortive use of subsidies, is identified in this work. This new configuration has caused renewed tensions in relations between States, raising the question regarding the type of strategic actions that its approach requires. It is argued that multilateralism continues to present the greatest strengths in the face of this type of problem. Hence, there is a role for the World Trade Organization, filling the gap that exists between the “international trade rules of the 20th century” and the “new trade policies of the 21st century”.
17
documento de trabajo
Publicado 2016
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There is not yet consensus in the trade agreements literature as to whether preferential liberalization leads to more or less multilateral liberalization. However, research thus far has focused mostly on tariff measures of import protection. We develop more comprehensive measures of trade policy that include the temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies of antidumping and safeguards; studies in other contexts have also shown how these policies can erode some of the trade liberalization gains that arise when examining tariffs alone. We examine the experiences of Argentina and Brazil during the formation of the MERCOSUR over 1990-2001, and we find that an exclusive focus on applied tariffs may lead to a mischaracterization of the relationship between preferential liberalization and liberalization toward non-member countries. First, any ‘building block’ evidence that arises by focusing on ...
18
artículo
Publicado 2021
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This article aims to determine the influence of the English language in international business by interpreting the results obtained from the analysis of macroeconomic data from the World Bank and the EPI in 2019, for 190 world economies. An exploratory investigation was carried out, through the analysis of conglomerates and factorial analysis for four variables; starting a business (APN), trading across borders (CT), level of english (English level) and current education expenditure, total % of total expenditure in public institutions (GCEP). It should be noted that values ??had to be assigned to the variables prior to the analysis, in order to work with categorical variables. Based on the results obtained, it can be affirmed that the English language is essential for international trade, and to generate economic development in the process; likewise, as a subject, the English language mu...
19
artículo
Publicado 2000
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Trade credit or financing provider biene and services is prevalent in e business world . basic carcateristica for the company that makes use of this type of financing is the ease of consultation , is part of the purchase with facilities . If the company CONASE own resources and / or alternative forms of financing for cmoprar cash, from a financial point of view, the credit provider is highly expensive. the implicit cost of trade credit to the purchasing company is because it desaprocecha the opportunity to use the discount is available for prontopago provider offers .biene to purchase capital financing provider should be medium and long term; is appropriate that the company will make with the supplier a sale price in cash, so that interest ( explicit cost ) is recognized by the debit balance , it is possible to use the " tax shield " of interest , since them the company buyer 's recorded...
20
artículo
Publicado 2000
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Trade credit or financing provider biene and services is prevalent in e business world . basic carcateristica for the company that makes use of this type of financing is the ease of consultation , is part of the purchase with facilities . If the company CONASE own resources and / or alternative forms of financing for cmoprar cash, from a financial point of view, the credit provider is highly expensive. the implicit cost of trade credit to the purchasing company is because it desaprocecha the opportunity to use the discount is available for prontopago provider offers .biene to purchase capital financing provider should be medium and long term; is appropriate that the company will make with the supplier a sale price in cash, so that interest ( explicit cost ) is recognized by the debit balance , it is possible to use the " tax shield " of interest , since them the company buyer 's recorded...
