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1
artículo
Publicado 2016
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The constantly experienced changes by the international business processes are caused policy changes of the countries, the new technologies or the implementation of corporative business strategies facing logistics operators and fluctuations of economy. For this reason, in the present time it important to study and analyze the costs associated with imports and exports. In 2010, Peru imported 21 billion dollars and exported 13 billion dollars. Then, in 2015 we imported 14 billion dollars and exported 27 billion dollars. This change leads us to propose structures which reflect the costs associated with the processes import and export. Today we must monitor the behavior of costs differentiating them from acquisition costs in accordance with IAS 2 Inventories, evaluating direct and indirect costs of the process as these should be integrated or excluded from the cost of acquisition. The differ...
2
artículo
Publicado 2022
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In recent decades, the hydrocarbon sector has taken on vital importance in the Bolivian economy, especially natural gas, since it constitutes a good source of income for the State. For this reason, this article analyzes whether the increase in exports of natural gas volumes and foreign direct investment had a positive result in the economic growth of Bolivia. Likewise, it is determined how the nationalization of hydrocarbons, in 2006, had a positive or negative impact on the Bolivian economy. For this, first, unit root tests were applied, then statistical cointegration tests and error correction vectors were estimated to determine the existence of a long-term relationship and the possible causality between the variables. In this way, the estimates show a long-term relationship between GDP, FDI, the export of natural gas and the sale price of natural gas, however, there are no short-term ...
3
artículo
Publicado 2006
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This paper sheds light on the performance of Latin American governments in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) through trade policies, specifically by signing free trade agreements with other countries. The relationship between FDI and trade for Latin America has previously been analyzed, but the relationship between the degree of «openness» (imports plus exports divided by the domestic product) and FDI has not been conclusive. At the same time, the effect of specific trade policies on FDI flows has not been extensively studied. Some state trade policies could produce a significant impact in attracting FDI. Specifically, through the implementation of a number of free trade agreements, several Latin American countries have been able to attract greater flows of foreign direct investment. The implementation of such free trade agreements formed part of a more general scheme of econo...
4
artículo
Publicado 2019
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Objective: To relate how commodity exports impact to the tax revenues of the Central Government and the type of relationship that exists between direct and indirect taxes. Method: The type of research is correlational descriptive method was applied, structuring a correlation matrix and regression lines, for that was applied an official data from SUNAT, INEI, BCRP. Results: The study shows the greatest contribution of the IGV in tax collection, followed by income tax, but due to the degree of correlation reached, this last tax has a bigger incidence on tax collection. However, to contrast the mining exports with the direct taxes, it appreciates a weak and negative dependence relationship, in which it implies that the tax collection is weakly affected by the mineral exports. Conclusions: It concludes, by the grade and type of correlation obtained, that the increase in mining exports does n...
5
artículo
Publicado 2019
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Objective: To relate how commodity exports impact to the tax revenues of the Central Government and the type of relationship that exists between direct and indirect taxes. Method: The type of research is correlational descriptive method was applied, structuring a correlation matrix and regression lines, for that was applied an official data from SUNAT, INEI, BCRP. Results: The study shows the greatest contribution of the IGV in tax collection, followed by income tax, but due to the degree of correlation reached, this last tax has a bigger incidence on tax collection. However, to contrast the mining exports with the direct taxes, it appreciates a weak and negative dependence relationship, in which it implies that the tax collection is weakly affected by the mineral exports. Conclusions: It concludes, by the grade and type of correlation obtained, that the increase in mining exports does n...
6
artículo
Publicado 1997
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This article addresses the significance of the recent global trend toward liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI), showing the importance of Latin America in the process and analyzing the regulation of FDI in three countries (Brazil, Chile, and Peru) and one integration movement (the Andean Group) of the region. The evolution of these four FDI regimes, from the 1970s to 1996, reflects the great changes in economic policy that have taken place in Latin America. After presenting some theoretical background concerning levels of FDI regulation in the world economy, the main aspects of the national regulation of FDI, and traditional conflict issues between multinational enterprises and host governments, the author proceeds to outline, on the one hand, the rise and fall of economic nationalism in Latin America (between 1970 and the mid-1980s), and, on the other, the central tenets...
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8
artículo
Publicado 2008
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Since one of the main goals of the APEC is to facilitate the international trade and investments among its members, it is said that taking over APEC presidency (as Peru in 2008), will contribute to foster trade and attract investments from member economies. But, is there any pattern which allows quantifying the benefi ts resulting from this kind of commitment? After evaluating the trade statistics of APEC developing economies ever since the creation of the Forum in 1989, it can be inferred that presiding APEC does not guarantee an increase in its trade with the rest of APEC economies. Right after hosting the summit, its imports grow higher compared with its exports, but there is not any conclusive information on the growth of foreign direct investment (FDI). Nevertheless, even though the growth of trade and FDI attraction from APEC other member economies does not rely exclusively on taki...
9
artículo
Publicado 2008
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Since one of the main goals of the APEC is to facilitate the international trade and investments among its members, it is said that taking over APEC presidency (as Peru in 2008), will contribute to foster trade and attract investments from member economies. But, is there any pattern which allows quantifying the benefi ts resulting from this kind of commitment? After evaluating the trade statistics of APEC developing economies ever since the creation of the Forum in 1989, it can be inferred that presiding APEC does not guarantee an increase in its trade with the rest of APEC economies. Right after hosting the summit, its imports grow higher compared with its exports, but there is not any conclusive information on the growth of foreign direct investment (FDI). Nevertheless, even though the growth of trade and FDI attraction from APEC other member economies does not rely exclusively on taki...
10
artículo
El oro es uno de los productos que más contribuyen al valor de las exportaciones mineras del Perú. En el periodo 2009-2019, el valor de las exportaciones de oro del Perú evidenció un comportamiento fluctuante en el corto plazo y una tendencia creciente en el largo plazo. El trabajo muestra la influencia del precio del oro en las fluctuaciones del valor de las exportaciones y el efecto del volumen exportado en la tendencia del valor de las exportaciones de oro del Perú. Se observa una relación directa de largo plazo entre el comportamiento del precio del oro y de los índices bursátiles de China, Suiza e India, países que se encuentran entre los principales importadores de oro a nivel mundial, lo que permite inferir que el comportamiento de las economías de los referidos países ha influido en el precio del oro. El incremento del número de los principales países de destino del ...
11
artículo
Publicado 2004
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In the future, the steel industry may be determined by processes of low cost of operation and capital; being the two main routes for the production of steel, the recycling of scrap metal and the reduction of virgin ore. The high reliability and low price of iron ore are the factors that have led to the development of the direct reduction process. In this decision, natural gas is an economical solution for the production of direct reduction products, briquettes and sponge iron. "THE FUTURE IS NOW"
12
artículo
Publicado 2004
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In the future, the steel industry may be determined by processes of low cost of operation and capital; being the two main routes for the production of steel, the recycling of scrap metal and the reduction of virgin ore. The high reliability and low price of iron ore are the factors that have led to the development of the direct reduction process. In this decision, natural gas is an economical solution for the production of direct reduction products, briquettes and sponge iron. "THE FUTURE IS NOW"
13
tesis de grado
Publicado 2023
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Este artículo examina la relación entre los modos de exportación (no exportar, exportación indirecta y exportación directa), restricciones financieras y productividad, centrándose especialmente en el contexto peruano. Se subraya la importancia de la exportación en el crecimiento económico, pero se reconoce la presencia de desafíos notables, especialmente en países en desarrollo como Perú. La investigación se concentra en las decisiones estratégicas de las empresas que buscan expandirse a través de la exportación, prestando especial atención al acceso al financiamiento y los niveles de productividad. Se evalúan las diferencias en su impacto entre las micro, pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas peruanas, evidenciando un impacto positivo de las restricciones financieras en las micro y pequeñas empresas y un impacto negativo en las medianas y grandes empresas. Mientras ta...
14
tesis de grado
Publicado 2021
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El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir, identificar y conocer las estrategias de promoción para la exportación implementadas por las empresas MYPES del Sector Textil ubicada en el distrito de La Victoria al primer semestre del año 2021, para lo cual se estudió a tres empresas exportadoras textiles de dicho distrito. Como estrategias de promoción se encuentran la publicidad, marketing directo, ventas personales, promoción de ventas y relaciones públicas. El tipo de investigación fue descriptivo, no experimental y transversal; por ello se desarrolló mediante entrevistas a profundidad, divididas según dimensiones de cada variable. Los resultados obtenidos a través el instrumento y técnica de entrevista a las empresas del distrito La Victoria, así como también de fuentes secundarias, como libros, internet, artículos y páginas web reflejaron que las 5 estrategias de...
15
artículo
Publicado 2023
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His review article arises from the academic meeting of the seminar organization and management of higher education institutions of the doctorate in Educational Sciences of the Metropolitan University of Education, Science and Technology (UMECIT). In its analysis, the conceptual positions of development and organizational culture are exposed from the field of higher education, relevance is made in the relationship with management systems, its importance with social responsibility and the conjugation of three aspects: science , technology, society and their relationship with the productive sector The information collected is given through bibliographic consultation and tracking in electronic journals and repositories. In this way, there is access to research, which provides important elements for the conceptual relationship. The analysis of the information is developed through a signing ma...
16
artículo
Publicado 2023
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His review article arises from the academic meeting of the seminar organization and management of higher education institutions of the doctorate in Educational Sciences of the Metropolitan University of Education, Science and Technology (UMECIT). In its analysis, the conceptual positions of development and organizational culture are exposed from the field of higher education, relevance is made in the relationship with management systems, its importance with social responsibility and the conjugation of three aspects: science , technology, society and their relationship with the productive sector The information collected is given through bibliographic consultation and tracking in electronic journals and repositories. In this way, there is access to research, which provides important elements for the conceptual relationship. The analysis of the information is developed through a signing ma...
17
artículo
Publicado 2016
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Los cambios experimentados constantemente por los procesos de negocios internacionales se originan en la variación de las políticas de los países, el uso de nuevas tecnologías o la implementación de estrategias corporativas de negocios frente a los operadores logísticos y las fluctuaciones de la economía. Debido a ello, en la actualidad es importante estudiar y analizar los costos asociados a las importaciones y exportaciones. En el año 2010 el Perú importaba 21 mil millones de dólares y exportaba 13 mil millones de dólares. Luego, en el año 2015 hemos pasado a importar 14 mil millones de dólares y exportar 27 mil millones de dólares. Este cambio nos lleva a proponer estructuras que incluyan los costos asociados a los procesos de importaciones y exportación. Hoy es necesario monitorear el comportamiento de los costos diferenciando los costos de adquisición, aplicando la N...
18
tesis de grado
Publicado 2020
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This present research work has the objective to determine the impact of importation perceptions on business liquidity. The population of this research is the Peruvian company Inversiones Globales Import & Export Limited Liability Corporation, located in Lima city, taking 2018 as the year of study. The applied research design is descriptive since data was obtained from direct observation. In addition, information was collected, filtered, and consolidated from the financial statements. After analyzing, interpreting, and comparing this information, the study concluded that the importations had a negative influence on the company's liquidity, due to a decrease in its capacity to pay in the short term. Likewise, this decrease on liquidity forced the company to request external funding from banking institutions, thus generating a higher level of debt. It is recommended to prepare Projected Cas...
19
artículo
This article analyzes the quality of bilateral trade between Chile and Perú, starting from a conceptual proposal: that this trade will be of quality if four keys factors show a good performance: growth of the mutual flows of exports and imports, structure of that trade, degree of diversification of the tourist flows between the two countries and behavior of the direct investment that each country makes in the other. The analysis carried out reviews the historical background of the aforementioned commercial relationship and then analyzes in detail the four factors mentioned, concluding that bilateral trade is of quality, due to the positive concurrence of three of the four indicators.
20
artículo
Publicado 2016
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The direct agreements perform an essential role in the viability of financing of projects. Its proper regulation determines its course, the prevention and management of possible consequences. Therefore, it is important to know this legal concept that has scarcely been studied in the doctrine. In this article, the author develops legal treatment of this legal concept, its definition, main terms and regulation in the Peruvian legal system.
