The confluence of more than seventy languages ​​in the Peruvian territory is a constant feature throughout our history. Throughout history, the struggles of the dominant people and culture for the imposition of their language are also recorded. Thus, in the Inca Empire there was a linguistic policy that had as its purpose the achievement of a common language for all the inhabitants of the Empire and that would be known as the general language of the Incas. This language was, in truth, the Quechua variant of Cusco, spoken by the power group at the time. There was an explicit respect for the other varieties of Quechua and the other languages ​​in Tahuantinsuyo (cauqui, jacaru, puquina, aimara, etc.), but were it not for the arrival of the Spaniards, who stunned the implementation of this policy a few Decades after it began, we do not know if the goal of the common language would ha...

Since the historic episode in which the Inca Atahualpa threw the Bible that Father Valverde would offer him, writing was a mystery for the Quechua people and took on a very special meaning for them. The written language that "speaks" to those who know how to read it was one more element of their age-old oppression. Since access to writing was denied, the monolingual Quechua-speaker also believed that only Spanish possessed this unattainable power. However, from the first decades of the Colony, the chroniclers and missionaries wrote Quechua in their reports, stories and religious books; in doing so, logically, they tried to reproduce what they heard with the only instrument they handled, the Spanish alphabet of the time, which was still in the process of being formed.

In the present study, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), end product of lipid peroxydation, and activity of catalase, a protective enzyme, in heart , kidney, liver and lung of guinea pigs born and bred in the altilude (Cullhuay, 3642 m), and another from sea level (La Molina, 238 m), were determined, in order to establish whether there exist any differences, and better understand of the oxydative stress in high altitude natives. Tissue levels of MDA were assessed by the n-methy-l-phenylindol method, and catalase enzyme activity was evaluated using the PURPALD colorimetric method. In tissue of heart, kidney, liver and lung of high altitude guinea pig were found MDA concentrations in mmoles/g protein: 0.309, 0.158, 0.133 and 0.257, values signifieantly higher in high altitude guinea pig than in those from sea level: 0.263, 0.115, 0.097 Y 0.201 (p < 0.05); and the value of catalase activit...

The Glucose-6-phosfate dehydrogenase (G6PD) specific activity was determined in adipose and hepatic tissues 0167 Holtzman, male, adults rats, born and bred at sea level. Of them, 48 were transported by automobile in three hours up to 4 540 m. above sea, and sacrificed in turn at 0,1,2,3,5,15 and 30 days after arrival. The other 19 were grouped in two classes: a control class of rats which never traveled, and another class of rats thal traveled around fer three hours, after which they were sacrificed.As a result, it was shown that the trip without ascenl did not cause any significant variation in adipose and hepatic tissue G6PD specific activity.In animals taken to the high altitude, it was observed a lower specific activity of adipose tissue G6PD than in those remaining at sea level. During the first two days the activity fell sharply, thereafter recovering slowly without actually return...

In the present study, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), end product of lipid peroxydation, and activity of catalase, a protective enzyme, in heart , kidney, liver and lung of guinea pigs born and bred in the altilude (Cullhuay, 3642 m), and another from sea level (La Molina, 238 m), were determined, in order to establish whether there exist any differences, and better understand of the oxydative stress in high altitude natives. Tissue levels of MDA were assessed by the n-methy-l-phenylindol method, and catalase enzyme activity was evaluated using the PURPALD colorimetric method. In tissue of heart, kidney, liver and lung of high altitude guinea pig were found MDA concentrations in mmoles/g protein: 0.309, 0.158, 0.133 and 0.257, values signifieantly higher in high altitude guinea pig than in those from sea level: 0.263, 0.115, 0.097 Y 0.201 (p < 0.05); and the value of catalase activit...

The Glucose-6-phosfate dehydrogenase (G6PD) specific activity was determined in adipose and hepatic tissues 0167 Holtzman, male, adults rats, born and bred at sea level. Of them, 48 were transported by automobile in three hours up to 4 540 m. above sea, and sacrificed in turn at 0,1,2,3,5,15 and 30 days after arrival. The other 19 were grouped in two classes: a control class of rats which never traveled, and another class of rats thal traveled around fer three hours, after which they were sacrificed.As a result, it was shown that the trip without ascenl did not cause any significant variation in adipose and hepatic tissue G6PD specific activity.In animals taken to the high altitude, it was observed a lower specific activity of adipose tissue G6PD than in those remaining at sea level. During the first two days the activity fell sharply, thereafter recovering slowly without actually return...

It was determined the levels of antioxidant enzymes: Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT), and the concentratíon of Malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidatíon in erythrocytes of 60 apparently healthy people: 30 residents at high altitude (Cerro de Paseo, 4340 m) and 30 residents at sea level (Lima, 150 m). We found erythrocyte GPx levels higher in high altitude natives than in the sea level ones (p < .001). No statistically significant differencc was found between the val u es obtained for SOD in high altitude na ti ves and those of sea leveL The CAT activity was lower in subjccts of high altitude in relation to those of sea level (p < .001). High altitude native MDA levels also were lower than those obtained at sea level (p < .001). We concluded that Glutathione Peroxidase is the main antioxidant enzyme for the detoxific...

Objective: To establish the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a population with reproductive problems. Design: Descriptive epidemiological study performed between july 1997 and june 1998. Material: To 140 couples with problems of reproduction attended at the Human Reproduction Unit of EsSalud Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital endocervical (women) or urethral (men) samples were obtained to detect Chlamydia trachomatis. Study measures: Detection of C. trachomatis by direct immunofluorescence, IgG and ’IgA. Results: By direct immunofluorescence Chlamydia antigen was present in 122(43,6%) patients, in both members of the couple in 59,8%. The majority of patients did not present symptoms, 23% did not have sperm alteration, notwithstanding being Chlamydia positive and the majority of women showed tubal alterations by laparoscopy and 12% microvesicles. Conclusion: Pr...

Se determinó los niveles de las enzimas antioxidantes: glutation peroxidasa (GPx), su peróxido dismutasa (SOD) y catalasa(CAT); y la concentración de malondialdehído (MDA) como un indicador de la peroxidación lipídica, en eritrocitos de 60 personas aparentemente sanas: 30 residentes de la altura (Cerro de Paseo, 4340 m) y 30 residentes de nivel del mar (Lima,150m). Se encontró niveles eritrocitarios de GPx mayores en los nativos de altura que en los de nivel del mar (p < 0,001). No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los valores obtenidos para la SOD en los nativos de altura y en los de nivel del mar. La actividad de la CAT fue menor en los sujetos de altura en relación con los de nivel del mar(p < 0,001). Los niveles de MDA en los nativos de altura también fueron menores que los obtenidos a nivel del mar (p < 0,001). Se concluye que la glutati...

Objective: To establish the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a population with reproductive problems. Design: Descriptive epidemiological study performed between july 1997 and june 1998. Material: To 140 couples with problems of reproduction attended at the Human Reproduction Unit of EsSalud Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital endocervical (women) or urethral (men) samples were obtained to detect Chlamydia trachomatis. Study measures: Detection of C. trachomatis by direct immunofluorescence, IgG and ’IgA. Results: By direct immunofluorescence Chlamydia antigen was present in 122(43,6%) patients, in both members of the couple in 59,8%. The majority of patients did not present symptoms, 23% did not have sperm alteration, notwithstanding being Chlamydia positive and the majority of women showed tubal alterations by laparoscopy and 12% microvesicles. Conclusion: Pr...

In order to analyze the activity of the serum enzyme paraoxonase, phenotype distribution and its relationship with lipid profile and oxidative stress, in an elderly population from Cerro de Pasco city(4330 m), were studied blood serum of 30 men aged 60 years and 40 postmenopausal women. Paraoxon were used as substrate for measuring the activity of paraoxonase basal and stimulated with NaCl 1 M and measuring phenylacetate arylesterase activity. The lipid profile was measured using commercial kits, apolipoproteins A-1 and B by turbidimetric methods and malondialdehyde with thiobarbituric acid. The mean values of lipid profile, APO B, and malondialdehyde (expressed as TBARS) between men and women do not differ significantly. APO A-1 is significantly higher in women than in men. The activities of the PON 1 basal and stimulated not differ significantly between the two groups. There was signif...

In order to analyze the activity of the serum enzyme paraoxonase, phenotype distribution and its relationship with lipid profile and oxidative stress, in an elderly population from Cerro de Pasco city(4330 m), were studied blood serum of 30 men aged 60 years and 40 postmenopausal women. Paraoxon were used as substrate for measuring the activity of paraoxonase basal and stimulated with NaCl 1 M and measuring phenylacetate arylesterase activity. The lipid profile was measured using commercial kits, apolipoproteins A-1 and B by turbidimetric methods and malondialdehyde with thiobarbituric acid. The mean values of lipid profile, APO B, and malondialdehyde (expressed as TBARS) between men and women do not differ significantly. APO A-1 is significantly higher in women than in men. The activities of the PON 1 basal and stimulated not differ significantly between the two groups. There was signif...

Heart rnitochondrion ATPase activity, ADP:O ratio (P:O) and Respiratory Control (RCR) are compared between guinea pigs from high altitude (Morococha, 4540 m) (HA) and those from sea level (SL). The study comprised 60 male guinea pigs, 30 from each altitude level, with mean weight 400-450 grams. Heart mitochondria were obtained by differential centrifugation at 4°C. P:O ratio and RCR were measured polarographically by Tyler method, and ATP hydrolysis was done by Holton et al. Method. Mean values obtained for heart mitochondria at SL and HA, expressed in mmoles oxygen uptake/mg protein/hour, were, with Glutamate + Malate as subtrates, respectiveIy: P:O 2.90, RCR 6.02 and P:O 2.93, RCR 6.0; and, with Pyruvate + Malate as subtrates, respectively P:O 2.60, RCR 5.0 and P:O 2.70, RCR 4.80. ATPase activity was at SL and HA, respectively: 57.50 and 64.50 mmoles P /mg protein/hour. The results su...

Heart rnitochondrion ATPase activity, ADP:O ratio (P:O) and Respiratory Control (RCR) are compared between guinea pigs from high altitude (Morococha, 4540 m) (HA) and those from sea level (SL). The study comprised 60 male guinea pigs, 30 from each altitude level, with mean weight 400-450 grams. Heart mitochondria were obtained by differential centrifugation at 4°C. P:O ratio and RCR were measured polarographically by Tyler method, and ATP hydrolysis was done by Holton et al. Method. Mean values obtained for heart mitochondria at SL and HA, expressed in mmoles oxygen uptake/mg protein/hour, were, with Glutamate + Malate as subtrates, respectiveIy: P:O 2.90, RCR 6.02 and P:O 2.93, RCR 6.0; and, with Pyruvate + Malate as subtrates, respectively P:O 2.60, RCR 5.0 and P:O 2.70, RCR 4.80. ATPase activity was at SL and HA, respectively: 57.50 and 64.50 mmoles P /mg protein/hour. The results su...