In order to select marine bacteria with the ability to produce extracellular enzymes (EEC), samples from Argopecten purpuratus and Crassostrea gigas in cultivation as well as from other interticlal and benthic invertebrates were analyzed. The selection of producer EEC strains was carried out in Marine Agar (MA) with addition of the relevant substratum (starch, casein, tween-80, lecithine, DNA and gelatine). The EEC producer strains evaluation was carried out on 102 isolates. The results show that bacteria associated toA. purpuratusand C. gigashave the best multienzymatic activities; however, Semimytilus algosus, Tetrapigus niger and Thais chocolata are also important sources of bacteria producers of EEC. The qualitative multienzymatic activity in MA (clear or opaque zones around the colonies in mm of diameter) varied from 6 to > 16 mm. The frequency of multienzymatic production was ca...

Inhibitory substances produced by marine strains belonging to the genus Alteromonas spp. are partially characterized. Precipitation of raw extracts supernatans from strains N22.C and N11.6 with concentration saturants of ammonium sulfate and filtrates in columns Sephadex G-25 show the production of inhibitory substances (SI) of proteinacea nature. Other assays revealed that these substances have a wide spectrum of antibiotic activity against collection strains pathogens of fish, mollusks and crustaceans. Also, it shows those SI to be thermosensitive at 90 9C for 45 min and stable within the pH range of 3,0 at 9,0 for 15 min. Antibiotic activity of the substances against Vibrio angufflarum NCMB 2133, V anguillarum ATCC 19264 and Aeromonas salmonicida 76,79 was comparatively equivalent to 30 ppm of the antibiotic oxitetraciclina (OTC).

Marine bacteria have been frequently included in the scientific literature as producers substance antibacterial properties. In this study, we investigate the potential activity antibiotic in vitro of strains the marine bacterioneuston isolated from rocky litoral pools in Montemar Beach, Bay of Valparaiso, Chile. Were isolated 71 strains antagonic to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 11632. Twentyfive strains producing strongly inhibitory substance were tested against 15 know ichthiopathogenic bacteria. Applying a classic method for marine bacteria, they were carried out phenotypic characterization of bacterioneuston strains accordingly to identified. Results showed that all fifteen ichthiopathogens strains were inhibeted by the neustonic isolates, being V anguillarum NCMB 2133, V ordalii 84/2559 and V tubiashii EX1 the most sensitive. Strains of bacterioneuston were identified as Vibrio spp. (2...

A member of the genus Alteromonas sp. (strain N22.C) isolated from marine neuston and substance-producer which inhibit growth of ichthyopathogenics was characterized phenotipically by means of morphological, physiological and biochemical conventional tests. To determine the chemical nature of the inhibitory substance, raw extracts of supernatans from cultured strains were precipitated with increasing concentrations of Ammonium Sulphate up to 70% and filtered through columns of Sephadex G-25. Assays by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) revealed that the antimicrobial substance is a proteinaceous compound with a molecular mass of approximately 34000 Da, which lacks sugar associated residues of it. Other assays made with raw semipurified fractions extracts of Alteromonas sp N22.C show the wide spectrum of antibiotic activity against pathogenic bacteria...

The present paper reports the presence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum such as pathological agent of "bacterial disease of cold water" on juvenile Onchorhynchus mykiss "rainbow trout" from El Ingenio fish farm, Junín (3250 m). The ulceration of the dorsal area was the most frequent macroscopic external injury as well the localized blackening of the skin. Internally there was a marked splenomegaly, pallor of the liver, kidney and gills, inflammation of the intestine and ascitic fluid in the peritoneum. Internal hemorrhage was not detected. 29 strain Gram negative were isolated in Modified Cytophaga Agar (MCA) (Anaker & Ordal, 1959), which according to the phenotypic characterization and the biochemical tests 9 were considered as F. psychrophilum. Tests of antibiotic susceptibility showed high sensitivity of this strains to Gentamicin, Ceftazidine, oxytetracycline, Norfloxacine, furaz...

In the present research we evaluated the antibacterial and antifungical activity of marine actinomycetes over pathogen of clinical origin. Likewise, it was evaluated the capacity to produce extracellular enzymes like carbohidrases, lipases and proteases. The Actinomycetes were isolated from sediments collected between September to December 2005 of Ancón (Lima) and Independencia (Ica) Bays at depths of 34 and 100 m. The isolation was performed in Casein - Starch Agar (CSA) and Marine Agar (AM) with addition of Cicloheximide (10 μg/mL). The antimicrobial evaluations were done comparing them with pathogenic antibiotic-multiresistant bacteria and fungi from clinical origin; in as much, to evaluate their multienzimatic activity several polimeric substrates were used. A total of 62 actinomycetes were isolated, 31 of there (50%) showed antibacterial activity in opposite to Staphylococcus aure...

En el presente trabajo se reporta la presencia de Flavobacterium psychrophilum, como agente causante de la patología “enfermedad bacteriana del agua fría” en alevines de Onchorhynchus mykiss “trucha arco iris” del Centro Piscícola El Ingenio, Junín (3250 m de altitud). La lesión macroscópica externa más frecuente fue la ulceración profunda de la región dorsal del pez acompañado de un ennegrecimiento localizado de la piel. Internamente se observó una marcada esplenomegalia, palidez del hígado, riñón y branquias, inflamación del intestino y acumulación de líquido ascítico en el peritoneo. No se detectó hemorragia interna. En Agar Cytophaga Modificado (ACM) según Anaker & Ordal (1959) fueron aisladas inicialmente 29 Gram negativas, de las cuales según la caracterización fenotípica y pruebas bioquímicas 9 fueron consideradas como F. psychrophilum. Pruebas ...

En el presente trabajo evaluamos la actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica de actinomycetes marinos sobre patógenos de origen clínico. Asimismo, fueron evaluadas la capacidad de producir enzimas extracelulares como carbohidrasas, lipasas y proteasas. Los Actinomycetes fueron aislados de sedimentos colectados entre setiembre a diciembre del 2005 de las Bahías de Ancón (Lima) e Independencia (Ica) de 34 y 100 m de profundidad. El aislamiento se realizó en Agar Caseína - Almidón (ACA) y Agar Marino (AM) con adición de Cicloheximide (10 μg/mL). Las evaluaciones antimicrobianas fueron realizadas frente a bacterias patógenas antibiótico-multirresistentes y hongos de origen clínico; en tanto, para evaluar su actividad multienzimática se utilizaron sustratos poliméricos diversos. Se aislaron un total de 62 actinomycetes, de los cuales 31 (50%) mostraron actividad antibacteriana fr...

A member of the genus Alteromonas sp. (strain N22.C) isolated from marine neuston and substance-producer which inhibit growth of ichthyopathogenics was characterized phenotipically by means of morphological, physiological and biochemical conventional tests. To determine the chemical nature of the inhibitory substance, raw extracts of supernatans from cultured strains were precipitated with increasing concentrations of Ammonium Sulphate up to 70% and filtered through columns of Sephadex G-25. Assays by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) revealed that the antimicrobial substance is a proteinaceous compound with a molecular mass of approximately 34000 Da, which lacks sugar associated residues of it. Other assays made with raw semipurified fractions extracts of Alteromonas sp N22.C show the wide spectrum of antibiotic activity against pathogenic bacteria...

In order to select marine bacteria with the ability to produce extracellular enzymes (EEC), samples from Argopecten purpuratus and Crassostrea gigas in cultivation as well as from other interticlal and benthic invertebrates were analyzed. The selection of producer EEC strains was carried out in Marine Agar (MA) with addition of the relevant substratum (starch, casein, tween-80, lecithine, DNA and gelatine). The EEC producer strains evaluation was carried out on 102 isolates. The results show that bacteria associated toA. purpuratusand C. gigashave the best multienzymatic activities; however, Semimytilus algosus, Tetrapigus niger and Thais chocolata are also important sources of bacteria producers of EEC. The qualitative multienzymatic activity in MA (clear or opaque zones around the colonies in mm of diameter) varied from 6 to > 16 mm. The frequency of multienzymatic production was ca...

Inhibitory substances produced by marine strains belonging to the genus Alteromonas spp. are partially characterized. Precipitation of raw extracts supernatans from strains N22.C and N11.6 with concentration saturants of ammonium sulfate and filtrates in columns Sephadex G-25 show the production of inhibitory substances (SI) of proteinacea nature. Other assays revealed that these substances have a wide spectrum of antibiotic activity against collection strains pathogens of fish, mollusks and crustaceans. Also, it shows those SI to be thermosensitive at 90 9C for 45 min and stable within the pH range of 3,0 at 9,0 for 15 min. Antibiotic activity of the substances against Vibrio angufflarum NCMB 2133, V anguillarum ATCC 19264 and Aeromonas salmonicida 76,79 was comparatively equivalent to 30 ppm of the antibiotic oxitetraciclina (OTC).

Marine bacteria have been frequently included in the scientific literature as producers substance antibacterial properties. In this study, we investigate the potential activity antibiotic in vitro of strains the marine bacterioneuston isolated from rocky litoral pools in Montemar Beach, Bay of Valparaiso, Chile. Were isolated 71 strains antagonic to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 11632. Twentyfive strains producing strongly inhibitory substance were tested against 15 know ichthiopathogenic bacteria. Applying a classic method for marine bacteria, they were carried out phenotypic characterization of bacterioneuston strains accordingly to identified. Results showed that all fifteen ichthiopathogens strains were inhibeted by the neustonic isolates, being V anguillarum NCMB 2133, V ordalii 84/2559 and V tubiashii EX1 the most sensitive. Strains of bacterioneuston were identified as Vibrio spp. (2...

La caracterización de los factores bióticos y abióticos es un procedimiento necesario para el manejo del ecosistema. En ese contexto se realizó la caracterización del biotopo de la quebrada Cuchimachay en San Jerónimo de Surco, Lima. Se seleccionaron imágenes satelitales de índice de humedad y de estrés de humedad del área de estudio del 8 de junio de 2024 a través del satélite Sentinel-2 a nivel L2A. A partir de ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model se obtuvieron imágenes en formato Aster versión 003 que proporcionaron un modelo digital de elevación. El área de estudio fluctúa entre 2 075 y 2 400 msnm. La ladera oriental tiene mayor número de pisos altitudinales. El mapa de pendientes se hizo con el modelo digital de elevación de la zona con correcciones y la herramienta Slope de Surface. Para la realización del mapa de radiación se hizo uso de la herramienta encontr...

Para este proyecto, se ha identificado a todos los grupos de interés y se han planteado estrategias para la correcta gestión de una correcta relación, que genere lazos y compromisos que aporten al crecimiento mutuo. El enfoque de negocios inicial es B2B ya que venderemos nuestro producto a través de una cadena de supermercados. Se ha definido un adecuado proceso de producción que nos permitirá alcanzar los niveles adecuados según la demanda estimada, con costos atractivos que nos harán competitivos en el mercado. Para esto se ha identificado la inversión pre operativa necesaria; la inversión en capital de trabajo, la estructura de financiamiento, se han definido los costos fijos y variables, entre otros para un horizonte de cinco años. Finalmente, los resultados de los indicadores financieros obtenidos muestran que nuestra propuesta es viable y rentable, aunque no debemos perd...

Objectives: To correlate visually estimated blood loss (vEBL) with calculated estimated blood loss (cEBL) during cesarean delivery in nulliparous women. Design: correlation retrospective study. Setting: Cayetano Heredia National Hospital, Lima, Peru. Participants: Nulliparous women subjected to cesarean section. Interventions: Medical records of 160 nulliparous women atended for cesarean deliveries at term during 2011 were reviewed. Data were statically analyzed with STATA V10.1 for Windows program. Main outcome measures: Blood loss. Results: Median vEBL and cEBL were respectively 500 mL (500–600 mL) and 421.4 mL (319.85–559.65 mL) with statistical significant difference, p < 0.001. For cEBL 1 000 mL median was 1 207.80 mL (1 039.60–1 419.00 mL) and vEBL median was 500 mL (500–600 mL) with statistical significant difference, p < 0.001. Hematocrit descended 3% (3–4%). Spearman c...

Editorial

RESUMEN El Perú, actualmente se encuentra en un nivel de rápido avance en el aspecto comercial debido que ha ampliado su mercado externo y ha avanzado en su objetivo de alcanzar mayores preferencias arancelarias mediante los Tratados de Libre Comercio. Como el caso de Turquia, siendo uno de los países más importantes de Europa, no solo por su posición geográfica estratégica, que lo convierte en la puerta entre Europa y Asia; sino que además cuenta con un mercado de más de 77 millones de consumidores y un PBI per cápita de alrededor de US$ 9,300, muy por encima del estimado para nuestro país (US$ 5,638 para 2015). En ese sentido, el TLC Perú-Turquía no solo nos permitiría diversificar nuestra oferta exportable, concentrada mayormente en commodities del sector minero, sino que además abriría las puertas del mercado turco a nuestras exportaciones no tradicionales, como las d...

La presente nota académica comprende la división del contexto estratégico internacional en cinco dimensiones, las cuales resultan indispensables para el análisis que se debe realizar para llevar a cabo cualquier proyecto de negocios internacionales.

This academic paper covers the subject of the build-borrow-or-buy framework and its use in international business. The multinational companies use the build-borrow-or-buy framework to know if a company, which has the intend to enter in a foreign market, should apply internal development (build), strategic alliances (borrow) or acquiring an existing company (buy). The content of this document has been extracted from the Strategic Alliances course lessons taught in the International Business career.

La presente tesis es de tipo aplicada y nivel tecnológico, se planteó el diseño de un sistema de revaporizado aprovechando el condensado de los equipos de secado para reducir el consumo de combustible en una empresa pesquera, se evaluaron las condiciones actuales de consumo de vapor, combustible y especial énfasis en la cantidad de energía contenida en el revaporizado del condensado de los equipos de secado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar un sistema de revaporizado aprovechando el condensado de los secadores para utilizar esta energía útil como fluido de calentamiento en los procesos y lograr un ahorro en el consumo de combustible. El diseño de la investigación se realizó por el principio de conservación de la masa ya que no se cuentan con flujómetros en las líneas de proceso y era necesario determinar el flujo de masa que se requiere calentar o secar para calcular...