El  objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar la estructura comunitaria de la macrofauna  zoobentónica asociada a los  bancos naturales de Argopecten purpuratus (Lamark 1819)  “concha de abanico” de la Isla San Lorenzo en la bahía del Callao - Perú. Para alcanzar el objetivo planteado, se analizaron seis periodos de evaluación entre abril 2006 a octubre 2008 teniendo como principal variable la TSM (Temperatura superficial del mar). Se calculó la diversidad dentro de la comunidad  en base a métodos de riqueza de especies y de distribución proporcional. Se identificaron un total de 78 especies, pertenecientes a 10 grupos  taxonómicos: 27 Gastropoda (34,62%), 20 Malacostraca (25,64%), 9 Bivalvia (%11,54),  8 Polychaeta (10,26%), 4 Echinoidea (5,13%), 4 Polyplacophora (5,13%), 3 Anthozoa (3,85%), 1 Holoturoidea (1,28%), 1 Ophiuroidea (1,28%) y 1 Ast...

The work consists of the design, elaboration and proposal of a concept map system with the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to contribute to the learning of concepts in the teaching-learning process of Biology 2 (Zoology), in secondary education. The research uses various theoretical and empirical methods in its dialectical interrelation, which allows one to verify existing gaps in the use and elaboration of concept maps in the teaching-learning process of this subject. A total of 15 concept maps was built in electronic format covering all the units of the program, based on the concept of animal, and all taxonomic groups from the poriferans to the mammals. The concept maps were introduced in the teaching-learning process of Biology 2 from the 2018-2019 academic years. The proposed system, until its implementation, was evaluated by different specialists who consider...

Pesticides have been widely used since ancient times in agriculture for the protection of crops from plagues. However, most of these generate high environmental pollution. Despite of law regulation, they continue to arrive in different ways to the ocean. The present work evaluates the toxicity of three commercial pesticides in Peru: the herbicide Butachlor, the insecticide Chlorpyrifos and the fungicide Copper Oxychloride, on the marine amphipod Apohyale grandicornis (Krøyer, 1845). Ecotoxicological bioassays were carried out in each one with standardized protocols, in addition to Potassium Dichromate sensitivity test. Likewise, based on acute test, the environmental risk of the three pesticides at the aquatic level was evaluated by calculating the risk quotient (RQs). According to the LC50 of the pesticides the sequence in descended order of toxicity was: Butachlor> Chlorpyrifos>...

In the COVID-19 pandemic, the generation and composition of municipal solid waste could vary. This study investigated the quantity and composition of municipal solid waste in times of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Madeán Town Center, Madeán District, Yauyos Province, Lima Region, Peru. The total solid waste was separated into eight fractions: paper / cardboard, plastics, organic, textile/leather, metals, electricity/electronics, glass, and others. Its percentage composition by weight was determined for six weeks between September and October 2020. The results showed that the average amount of weekly solid waste was 466.46 Kg ± 82.99 Kg. Regarding the composition, the organic fraction represents the largest part with 75.07%. In addition, in the Populated Center far from the capital, there is evidence of a minimal generation of bio contaminated waste, with a weekly average of 0.3 Kg ± 0...

Collection, disposal, and environmental risks associated with waste continue to challenge many Latin American cities. The objective of this work was to evaluate the integral management of USW (Urban Solid Waste) in Latin America and to systematize the information on the generation, sweeping, selective collection, conventional collection, valuation, and fi nal disposal of USW. An exhaustive search was carried out at (1) Google Scholar, (2) ProQuest, and (3) Scopus. The scientific articles analyzed belong to the period from January 2012 to December 2019, in which information is shown regarding the integral management of USW in various Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay. 30 scientifi c documents were analyzed in which information on the integral management of USW in Latin Amer...

The presence of mining in Peru is an essential factor in economic development. In this context, this document aims to apply lichens in mining in high Andean areas of Peru and establish a relationship between mining development and the application of lichens as bioindicators of s pollution. The studies revealed the effectiveness of lichens as bioaccumulator of metals such as lead, zinc, cadmium, nickel, copper, mercury, and chromium. Likewise, the existence of methodologies for heavy metal analysis was verified, and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), was the most useful in the studies reviewed. Keywords: bioindicator – heavy metals – lichens – mining – pollution

Dentro del control de calidad de los productos farmacéuticos, se establece la cuantificación de endotoxinas bacterianas por el método del lisado de amebocitos de Limulus (LAL), mediante una reacción de coagulación y formación de un gel (gel-clot). Se validó la prueba en el producto catéter venoso central de 30 cm, para lo cual se trabajó con equipos calificados,  proceso de despirogenización validado, reactivos vigentes y material apirógeno. Se comprobó la sensibilidad del reactivo de LAL (0,03 UE·mL-1) y  se calculó la máxima dilución válida (MVD) de 1/8.  Las pruebas demostraron que el producto no inhibe ni potencia la reacción del reactivo. Se estandarizaron las condiciones para la validación de LAL por el método gel-clot en este producto. El método se hace extensivo para la determinación de endotoxinas bacterianas en otros dispositivos médicos po...

The toxicity of mining drilling mud was evaluated based on the lethal effect and evasion in the terrestrial bioindicator Porcellio laevis (Latreille, 1804). The following treatments were considered: drilling mud, suspended phase of drilling mud and mining drilling fluid in acute toxicity tests and short evasion test. Toxicity tests did not show a lethal effect in drilling mud, in the suspended phase of drilling mud, and in mineral drilling fluid in P. laevis. In the evasion tests, considering uncontrolled humidity conditions, it was observed that there was a preference for P. laevis towards the land with the presence of drilling mud. However, considering controlled humidity conditions, the preference of P. laevis towards the muddy land was confirmed. The results of this investigation allow documenting a protocol to evaluate the toxicity of mining drilling muds and serve as a reference fo...

La contaminación ocasiona deterioro de los componentes ambientales donde determinadas ramas del saber aplicativo permiten reconocer el grado de equilibrio a nivel de ecosistema. El propósito del estudio fue indicar la ecotoxicología como una herramienta predictiva sobre la evolución sostenible de los sistemas acuáticos. Mediante el análisis de contenido sobre aspectos teóricos y usos prácticos referido a la ecotoxicología se consideró, durante 10 años (2008- 2018), la calidad ambiental y evolución sostenible del ecosistema San Juan de Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Las variables de interés analizadas fueron el factor de condición biológico (K) y la bioacumulación de metales (Pb y Cd) en las branquias (órganos diana) de la especie de pez Gambusia punctata (Poey, 1854) (Poeciliidae), el cual fue seleccionado en categoría de biomonitor. Se observó, diferencias estadísticamente ...

Los plaguicidas han sido enormemente utilizados desde tiempos antiguos, en la agricultura para la protección de cultivos del ataque de plagas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estos genera una alta contaminación ambiental; y a pesar de la regulación, estos siguen llegando por diferentes vías a las aguas marinas. El presente trabajo evaluó la toxicidad de tres plaguicidas de uso comercial en el Perú: el herbicida Butaclor, el insecticida Clorpirifos y el fungicida Oxicloruro de Cobre, sobre el anfípodo marino Apohyale grandicornis (Krøyer, 1845). Se realizaron bioensayos ecotoxicológicos con los tres modelos empleando protocolos estandarizados, además se efectuó una prueba de sensibilidad utilizando Dicromato de Potasio. Asimismo, tomando como base los ensayos agudos, se evaluó el riesgo ambiental de los tres plaguicidas a nivel acuático, mediante el cálculo del cociente de riesg...

The aim of the study was to describe the analytical concentration of acids for chemical digestion in biological samplesexposed to metals. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), perchloric acid (HClO4), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), boric acid (H3BO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and hydroiodic acid (HI) were analyzed. Experimentally the acids were applied to the gills of the Gambusia punctata biomonitor (Poey, 1854) for the bioextraction of cadmium metal. Th e certifi ed reference sample, DOLT-3 (Dogfi sh Liver), was used for the analytical reliability of the results. Statistically signifi cant diff erences were found in the results of acid concentrations and the certifi ed reference value. Th e order of concentration was: HNO3 > H2SO4 > HClO4 > HCl > HI > H3PO4 > H3BO3. It is concluded that acids allow to extract bioaccumulated metals in biological tissues, but their applic...

Effl uent pollution in oxidation ponds continues to be an environmental problem for which the search for practical solutions is required. Th e aim of the present study was to evaluate a passive mineral treatment system at the estimated sustainable environmental cost in the Angostura Limón oxidation lagoon, Ica-Peru. Th rough random probabilistic sampling, the following were measured from July to December 2018 in effl uent (without treatment and with treatment): biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), phosphate (PO4 3-), nitrite (NO2 -), nitrate (NO3 -), and ammonium (NH4 +). With the values of the physicochemical parameters, the relative sustainable environmental cost (COASOR) was estimated through a ratio between the evaluation cost (COA) and the cost of regulatory prevention (CONP). Th e removal percentage was calculated according to the environmental treatment system that was applied. Only...

Macrophyte Lemna minor (Linnaeus, 1753) was used to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the individual and mixed action of methomyl and rotenone pesticides under laboratory conditions (Temperature 29 ± 2°C; Relative humidity 48.6± 9.4%). The taken measures to establish half eff ective concentration were the frond area (AF) and production of new fronds (NF). In this study, BMDS® and Probit statistical data analyses were used to compare the results about eff ective concentration. Results suggest Benchmark dose method of BMDS® program was more eff ective than Probit program when EC50 (mean Eff ective Concentration) were determined. Additionally, total chlorophyll concentration (TCC) and humidity weight (HW) parameters were calculated to determine the growth inhibition (Ir). Likewise, NOAEL (no observed adverse eff ect level) and LOAEL (low observer adverse eff ect level) were compared with B...

Acid mine drainage is a powerful source of contamination of surface and groundwater. For the treatment of acid mine drainage, there are active and passive methods, the latter include artifi cial wetlands, which are being used in industrialized countries, obtaining interesting results. It is important to know the characteristics, types, physical, chemical, and biological processes; choice, design, and construction of artifi cial wetlands; as well as its advantages and disadvantages for its application in the treatment of acid mine drainage. Th erefore, 119 publications were reviewed, organized by common themes. Artifi cial wetlands show to be a good alternative in the treatment of acid mine drainage; However, factors such as size, design, choice plant-bacteria, and weather conditions for its application must be considered. Th e anaerobic wetland is more effi cient in the reduction of acid...

Pantanos de Villa es uno de los principales refugios de vida silvestre ubicados en la zona urbana, alberga a un total de 210 especies de aves entre otras especies de flora y fauna, tanto acuática como terrestre. En sus cuerpos de aguase desarrollan dinámicas poblacionales, destacando la del plancton representado por el fitoplancton y zooplancton. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue encontrar conexiones tróficas entre los organismos primarios de las comunidadesacuáticas (plancton) y los mayores depredadores de este ecosistema (aves). Se realizó una evaluación de las comunidades planctónicas en seis bimestres del año 2011, tomándose ocho estaciones de muestreo en las tres principales lagunasde Pantanos de Villa: Laguna Mayor, Laguna Génesis, Laguna Marvilla y en un espejo de agua de la zona de Marvilla llamado Herradura. Se evaluó también la frecuencia y abundancia de aves. Es...

Se estudió las hormigas presentes en las viviendas del distrito de Puente Piedra, Lima, Perú. Se usaron trampas adherentes a base de glicerina con un cebo a base de azúcar, harina de pescado y salvado de trigo molido. Estas trampas se colocaron durante 10 noches en la cocina y en el baño de cada una de las cinco viviendas seleccionadas. Se encontró a la sub-familia Myrmicinae con la mayor abundancia. Se observó un remplazo de sub-familias en cocina y baño en las cinco viviendas seleccionadas durante los dos meses de evaluación.

The oceans provide us vital resources; however, in their current state are collapsing. Species are going quickly on their way to extinction, and marine habitats are being destroyed. For this reason, Marine Protected Areas (MPA) started as an alternative to avoid the overexploitation of marine resources to get sustainable use. Peru was not exempt from this trend; in 1975, the fi rst Protected Natural Area (NPA) included a coastal marine ecosystem. Subsequently, the situation changed positively with the creation of The National Reserve System of Island, Islets, and Punta Guaneras in 2009 and the National Reserve San Fernando in 2011. However, the pathway for protecting our coastal marine ecosystem is just beginning; it is important to highlight that “unfortunately there are a few areas with studies or restricted access” that do not represent our system of protected natural areas such a...

Pantanos de Villa es uno de los principales refugios de vida silvestre ubicados en la zona urbana, alberga a un total de 210 especies de aves entre otras especies de flora y fauna, tanto acuática como terrestre. En sus cuerpos de aguase desarrollan dinámicas poblacionales, destacando la del plancton representado por el fitoplancton y zooplancton. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue encontrar conexiones tróficas entre los organismos primarios de las comunidadesacuáticas (plancton) y los mayores depredadores de este ecosistema (aves). Se realizó una evaluación de las comunidades planctónicas en seis bimestres del año 2011, tomándose ocho estaciones de muestreo en las tres principales lagunasde Pantanos de Villa: Laguna Mayor, Laguna Génesis, Laguna Marvilla y en un espejo de agua de la zona de Marvilla llamado Herradura. Se evaluó también la frecuencia y abundancia de aves. Es...

En los humedales, las arañas juegan un papel importante en el reciclaje de nutrientes, al ingerir otros artrópodos y formar parte de la dieta de otros organismos consumidores. Se evaluó la aracnofauna asociada a las formaciones vegetales en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pantanos de Villa, Lima, Perú utilizando pitfall traps. Se calculó la diversidad alfa y beta, y los especímenes colectados fueron adjudicados a gremios alimentarios. Se capturaron un total de 10 familias. El gramadal salado fue la formación vegetal que obtuvo mayor riqueza de arañas. El índice de Pielou (J’) alcanzó su valor más alto en el juncal (0,84 bits·ind-1) y la dominancia de Simpson (C) mostró su valor más alto en el gramadal dulce (0,55 bits·ind-1). El índice cualitativo de Jaccard presentó una similitud del 43%, y el índice cuantitativo de Morisita-Horn mostró una similaridad del 68% entre fo...

Mercury is a heavy metal with toxic eff ects, especially at the level of the central nervous system. Th e poisoning by this metal can be acute when the damage occurs in a limited time or chronic when the deleterious eff ect is sustained. Inorganic mercury poisoning in minors who were never linked to illegal mining, an activity that takes place where minors reside, was determined. Of 118 children under 18 years, 28.8% (34/118) exceeded the permissible limits (5 μg Hg·g-1) of creatinine. Th e percentage of contaminated minors was high given that they are people who are not linked to mining activity, so they must have been accidentally contaminated by activity generated by someone close to the minors. Th is premise was demonstrated in the case of the minor who was contaminated every time the mercury vapor was emitted by a chimney that was near the window of her room when mercury amalgam w...